Description of microsporidia in simulids: molecular and morphological characterization of microsporidia in the larvae of Simulium pertinax Kollar (Diptera: Simuliidae)

Introduction Microsporidia constitute the most common black fly pathogens, although the species' diversity, seasonal occurrence and transmission mechanisms remain poorly understood. Infections by this agent are often chronic and non-lethal, but they can cause reduced fecundity and decreased longevity. The objective of this study was to identify microsporidia infecting Simulium (Chirostilbia) pertinax (Kollar, 1832) larvae from Caraguatatuba, State of São Paulo, Brazil, by molecular and morphological characterization. Methods Larvae were collected at a single point in a stream in a rural area of the city and were kept under artificial aeration until analysis. Polydispyrenia spp. infection was characterized by the presence of at least 32 mononuclear spores measuring 6.9 ± 1.0 × 5.0 ± 0.7µm in persistent sporophorous vesicles. Similarly, Amblyospora spp. were characterized by the presence of eight uninucleate spores measuring 4.5 × 3.5µm in sporophorous vesicles. Results The molecular analysis confirmed the presence of microsporidian DNA in the 8 samples (prevalence of 0.51%). Six samples (Brazilian larvae) were related to Polydispyrenia simulii and Caudospora palustris reference sequences but in separate clusters. One sample was clustered with Amblyospora spp. Edhazardia aedis was the positive control taxon. Conclusions Samples identified as Polydispyrenia spp. and Amblyospora spp. were grouped with P. simulii and Amblyospora spp., respectively, corroborating previous results. However, the 16S gene tree showed a considerable distance between the black fly-infecting Amblyospora spp. and the mosquito-infecting spp. This distance suggests that these two groups are not congeneric. Additional genomic region evaluation is necessary to obtain a coherent phylogeny for this group.Instituto Butantan Laboratório de ParasitologiaFundação Oswaldo Cruz Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz Laboratório de ImunoparasitologiaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Disciplina de InfectologiaSuperintendência de Controle de Endemias Laboratório de Entomologia MédicaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Disciplina de Gastroenterologia Departamento de MedicinaSuperintendência de Controle de Endemias Laboratório de SimulídeosMosquito and Fly Research Unit United States Department of AgricultureUNIFESP, Disciplina de InfectologiaUNIFESP, Disciplina de Gastroenterologia Depto. de MedicinaSciEL

Molecular evidences for horizontal transmission of HCV inside couples

A transmissão do VHC vem diminuindo após a implementação de diretrizes de triagem de doadores de sangue e adoção de políticas sociais para reduzir o risco de infecção em UDI, entretanto o VHC ainda constitui um grave problema de saúde pública mundial. Em torno de 10% dos pacientes infectados com VHC não referem exposição a nenhum fator de risco conhecido. Alguns estudos demonstraram a presença de RNA em diferentes secreções, sugerindo a existência de outras rotas de transmissão do VHC. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as relações filogenéticas de diferentes regiões genômicas do VHC de cônjuges portadores crônicos e correlacioná-las com seqüências de portadores crônicos não relacionados atendidos no mesmo ambulatório. Foram selecionados 18 pacientes (9 casais) com genótipo concordante entre eles e 42 controles (14 de cada genótipo encontrados nos casais). Foram amplificadas e seqüenciadas as regiões NS3 (~620nt) e NS5B (~360nt). As seqüências foram alinhadas usando o programa Clustal X e Bioedit 6.0.7. A presença do sinal filogenético, nas regiões estudadas, foi analisado através do mapeamento da verossimilhança pelo programa Tree-Puzzle. Os modelos evolucionários foram estimados pelo teste de razão de verossimilhança com o auxílio do programa Modeltest e utilizados para as análises das seqüências NS3, NS3+NS5B (TrN+I+G) e NS5B(TrNef+I+G). Foram empregados os métodos de distância com algoritmo de agrupamento de vizinhos e máxima verossimilhança com o algoritmo de rearranjo dos braços, seccionando a árvore em dois pedaços e ligando em outras partes, para a construção das árvores, pelo programa PAUP*4b10. Foram calculados os valores de bootstrap, com 1000 réplicas, para a verificação da sustentação de ramos nas topologias. Nas análises foram incluídas seqüências referencia do Genbank de diferentes genótipos. Todos os casais tiveram a região NS5B amplificada e seqüenciada, entretanto, não foi possível amplificar e seqüênciar a região NS3 de amostras de 2 casais. Considerando-se as três análises o sinal filogenético foi de 90.5% (NS5B - 199 nt), 92.9% (NS5B - 344 nt), 94.8% (NS3 - 619 nt ) e 96.1% (NS5B + NS3). Como esperado, o melhor sinal filogenético foi obtido com as seqüências das duas regiões concatenadas NS3+NS5B. As análises filogenéticas sugerem fortemente que os vírus dos casais 3, 4, 6, 7, e 8 têm a mesma origem. Na maioria das análises as seqüências dos vírus destes casais formaram um grupo monofilético com valores de bootstrap acima de 70. As seqüências dos outros casais, em algumas situações, apresentaram grupos monofiléticos, contudo os valores de bootstrap não foram significativos. A utilização de seqüências de duas regiões genômicas diferentes suportam a hipótese de que os vírus dos casais 3, 4, 6, 7 e 8 têm a mesma origem. A inclusão de seqüências controle, dos mesmos subtipos encontrados nas amostras dos casais, foram fundamentais para a confirmação dos resultados. Estes resultados indicam fortemente a possibilidade de transmissão entre casais.HCV transmission has decreased with the adoption of universal blood donors screening and social policies to reduce risk of infection in IVDU, but HCV is still a worldwide health problem. The epidemiological route of infection cannot be identified in a significant proportion of patients. Some studies demonstrated the presence of viral RNA in different secretions, suggesting the existence of other routes for HCV transmission. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phylogenetical relationships among sequences from different HCV genomic regions from sexual partners of chronic infected patients when analyzed among themselves and when analyzed conjointly with sequences from virus found in non related chronic infected patients attended in the same clinic. Eighteen individuals (9 couples with stable relationship without other risk factors for HCV infection) and forty-two control patients (fourteen from each genotype found in the couples) were selected. NS3 (~620 nts) and NS5B (~360 nts) regions were amplified and sequenced. Sequences were aligned using clustal X 1.81 and Bioedit 6.0.7. Phylogenetic signal/noise ratio in the data set was investigated with a likelihood mapping analysis with the program TREE-PUZZLE. Evolutionary models were chosen by Hierarchical Likelihood Ratio Test (hLRTs) using Modeltest 3.06 and used for analyze NS3, NS3+NS5B (TrN+I+G) and NS5B (TrNef+I+G) sequences. Distance and maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogenetical analyses were performed with PAUP*4b10 and the trees were constructed with NJ and heuristic search. Tree bisection and reconnection (TBR) algorithm respectively.Robustness of trees was evaluated by analyzing 1000 bootstrap replicates. Genbank reference sequences from different genotypes were included in data analysis. Sequences from NS5B region were obtained for all samples while it was not possible to get NS3 sequences from only 2 couples. Considering the three analysis, phylogenetical signals were 90.5% (NS5B - 199 nt), 92.9% (NS5B - 344 nt), 94.8% (NS3 - 619 nt ) and 96.1% (NS5B + NS3). As expected, the best phylogenetical signal was obtained with concatened NS3+NS5B sequences. Phylogenetical analysis strongly suggested that virus from couples 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8 had a common origin. In the majority of the analysis, sequences inside these couples clustered in the same monophyletical group with bootstrap values higher than 70. For the other couples, monophyletical groups were observed but these results were not supported by the bootstrap analysis. In conclusion, using sequencing from two different viral genomic regions, we have strongly supported a common source of infection for the two members of five couples. Control sequences from the same subtypes than the couples were crucial to confirm the results. These data strongly support HCV transmission inside couples

Evidence of bottleneck effect on hepatitis C virus transmission between a couple under interferon based therapy

Issues on the correlation of viral genetic diversity and treatment response to the hepatitis C infection remain uncertain. The bottleneck effect dictates the characteristics of the viral population that will establish the infection in a new host and is related to how the immune system and treatment will be effective against the virus. Here we evaluated the phylogenetic characteristics of quasispecies population and the treatment response pattern of a HCV infected couple. We also analyzed whether the viral population of these patients indicated that they were exposed to the same source for primer infection. This study included two patients (P10 and P11) HCV genotype 1b infected. The couple presented horizontal transmission. Viral RNA was isolated from serum samples collected before, during and after treatment, at specific time points. The HCV NS5A gene sequence was amplified, cloned and sequenced. Genetic and evolutionary analyses were performed to compare the quasispecies population of these two patients and local control patients. Genetic distance and diversity were calculated. Phylogenetic analyses were performed by using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methodologies. The analysis of the baseline samples showed that the genetic distance of the viral populations of patients P10 and P11 was significantly lower than when these patients and the control group based on sequences from local patients were analyzed, supporting the horizontal transmission hypothesis. Phylogenetic analysis with sequences from all the time point samples also demonstrated two patterns of evolution depending on the treatment response. The Bayesian analysis showed that one isolate corresponding to the baseline sample of P10 was grouped into the P11 clade, suggesting a way of infection and a bottleneck effect. Our data suggests that the patient P11 viral population may be originated from variants from P10 patient and consequently showing that clinical differences between treatment responses can emerge from the bottleneck effect on viral populations. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Med, Disciplina Gastroenterol, Lab Hepatol Mol Aplicada LHEMA, Ave Pedro Toledo 669,5 Andar, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilInst Butantan, Parasitol Lab, Ave Vital Brazil 1500, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUNESP, Ibilce, Lab Estudos Genom, Sao Jose Do Rio Preto, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Uberlandia, Inst Ciencias Biomed, Lab Virol, Uberlandia, MG, BrazilLaboratório de Hepatologia Molecular Aplicada, LHEMA, Disciplina de Gastroenterologia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Av. Pedro de Toledo n° 669, 5° Andar, SP, BrazilFAPESP: 2007/52073-0FAPESP: 2008/51165-1FAPESP: 2010/06156-4FAPESP: 2012/18168-2Web of Scienc

Molecular evidence of horizontal transmission of hepatitis C virus within couples

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission has decreased with the adoption of universal blood donor screening and social policies to reduce the risk of infection in intravenous drug users, but remains a worldwide health problem. The objective of this study was to evaluate the phylogenetic relationships among sequences from different HCV genomic regions from sexual partners of infected patients. Nine couples with a stable relationship and without other risk factors for HCV infection and 42 control patients were selected, and the NS3 and NS5B regions were analysed. Phylogenetic analysis showed that viruses from five of the couples had a common origin, clustering in the same monophyletic group, with bootstrap values greater than 70. For the other couples, monophyletic groups were observed, but without bootstrap support. Thus, using two different viral genome regions, a common source of infection was observed in both members of five couples. These data strongly support HCV transmission within couples.Alves de Queiroz Family Fund for ResearchInstituto Adolfo LutzInstituto Butanta

Conceptual Wing Design Methodology for Aircraft with Hybrid Laminar Flow Control

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C is a disease spread throughout the world. Hepatitis C virus (HCV), the etiological agent of this disease, is a single-stranded positive RNA virus. Its genome encodes a single precursor protein that yields ten proteins after processing. NS5A, one of the non-structural viral proteins, is most associated with interferon-based therapy response, the approved treatment for hepatitis C in Brazil. HCV has a high mutation rate and therefore high variability, which may be important for evading the immune system and response to therapy. The aim of this study was to analyze the evolution of NS5A quasispecies before, during, and after treatment in patients infected with HCV genotype 3a who presented different therapy responses. METHODS: Viral RNA was extracted, cDNA was synthesized, the NS5A region was amplified and cloned, and 15 clones from each time-point were sequenced. The sequences were analyzed for evolutionary history, genetic diversity and selection. RESULTS: This analysis shows that the viral population that persists after treatment for most non-responder patients is present in before-treatment samples, suggesting it is adapted to evade treatment. In contrast, the population found in before treatment samples from most end-of-treatment responder patients either are selected out or appears in low frequency after relapse, therefore changing the population structure. The exceptions illustrate the uniqueness of the evolutionary process, and therefore the treatment resistance process, in each patient. CONCLUSION: Although evolutionary behavior throughout treatment showed that each patient presented different population dynamics unrelated to therapy outcome, it seems that the viral population from non-responders that resists the treatment already had strains that could evade therapy before it started

Molecular evidence of horizontal transmission of hepatitis C virus within couples

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission has decreased with the adoption of universal blood donor screening and social policies to reduce the risk of infection in intravenous drug users, but remains a worldwide health problem. The objective of this study was to evaluate the phylogenetic relationships among sequences from different HCV genomic regions from sexual partners of infected patients. Nine couples with a stable relationship and without other risk factors for HCV infection and 42 control patients were selected, and the NS3 and NS5B regions were analysed. Phylogenetic analysis showed that viruses from five of the couples had a common origin, clustering in the same monophyletic group, with bootstrap values greater than 70. For the other couples, monophyletic groups were observed, but without bootstrap support. Thus, using two different viral genome regions, a common source of infection was observed in both members of five couples. These data strongly support HCV transmission within couples.Alves de Queiroz Family Fund for ResearchInstituto Adolfo LutzInstituto Butanta

Hepatitis D and B virus genotypes in chronically infected patients from the Eastern Amazon Basin

Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a defective hepatotropic virus whose infectivity is dependent on hepatitis B virus (HBV). HDV super- or co-infiection leads to an increased risk of fulminant hepatitis or progression to severe chronic liver disease in HBV infected patients. The Brazilian Amazon Basin has been reported to be endemic for HBV and HDV, especially in the Western Amazon Basin. In this region, HDV infection is frequently associated with acute fulminant hepatitis with characteristic histologic features. HDV is classified into seven major clades (HDV-1 to HDV-7) and HBV is subdivided into eight genotypes (A-H). HDV and HBV genotypes have been shown to have a distinct geographic distribution. The aim of this study was to determine the HBV and HDV genotypes harbored by chronically infected patients from the Eastern Amazon Basin, Brazil. We studied 17 serum samples from HBV and HDV chronically infected patients admitted to a large public hospital (Santa Casa de Misericordia) at Belem, state of Para, Brazil, between 1994 and 2002. HDV-3 and HBV genotype A (subtype adw2) have been identified in all cases, in contrast to previous studies from other regions of the Amazon, where HBV genotype F has been found co-infecting patients that harbored HDV-3. The HDV-3/HBV-A co-infection suggests that there is not a specific interaction between HBV and HDV genotypes, and co-infection might merely reflect the most frequent genotypes found in a particular geographic area. The analysis of the carboxy-terminal region of the large hepatitis D antigen (L-HDAg), which interacts with the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and is essential for HDV assembly, showed some diversity between the different isolates from the Eastern Amazon. This diversity is not observed among HDV-3 sequences from other South American regions. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Genetic distance.

<p>Genetic distances calculated by the number of base differences per site from between sequences within each time point for each patient. BT-Before treatment; w-weeks; d-days; M-months.</p

Phylogenetic tree.

<p>Unrooted Maximum-Likelihood phylogenetic tree was constructed with HKY85 substitution model including Gamma distribution parameter (HKY+G). Bootstrap was performed with 500 replicates. Values above 70% were considered significant.</p