Challenges for the protection of unaccompanied foreign minors in the streets of Ceuta

Ceuta, as a Spanish enclave in Africa face specific challenges in terms of immigration. Due the proximity of Ceuta and Morocco, the residents of Moroccan provinces adjoining are exempted from visa requirements and can be authorized to enter and exit the Spanish city, on a daily basis, but not the rest of the national territory. A number of the people that cross this border are minors, many of them come from adjoining provinces and enter legally, with their passports, accompanied by their parents or a relative who abandon them in Spanish territory, with the aim that they could get a better life and help their family economically. Others come from other provinces and undertake this trip alone, often with the same responsibility, of helping their family, and stay on the land border between Morocco and Spain for days or even months trying to sneak across the border illegally. These minors scape from the system, they are unprotected, exposed to criminal and victimological risk. Besides, their presence on the streets generate a sense of public insecurity and social alarm, although the crime rate of this group is low, negative labels are applied to them. In this context, Ceuta, specifically the Department of Health, Social Affairs, Minors and Equality, has signed an agreement with the University of Málaga, implemented by the Observatory of the Crime control system towards Immigration (OCSPI), to develop a pilot project of research and social intervention to prevent juvenile delinquency and protect these minors.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Migracidades 2020: sistematização e análise dos dados sobre a dimensão de acesso à saúde

Resumo Este relatório foi elaborado no âmbito do projeto Diálogos MigraCidades. Apresenta sis- tematização e análise de dados relativos ao acesso à saúde para pessoas migrantes, buscando traçar amplo panorama da governança migratória local no âmbito da dimensão da saúde de 6estados e 21 municípios brasileiros. O relatório objetiva fomentar a governança migratória emnível local e subsidiar as redes de apoio e acolhimento a migrantes com a apresentação de ele-mentos de estrutura, procedimentos e ações acerca da dimensão de acesso à saúde identificadasnesses municípios e estados. Os dados apresentados foram coletados no âmbito da PlataformaMigraCidades, iniciativa da OIM, Agência da ONU para as Migrações (OIM), em parceria com aUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) e com o apoio da Escola Nacional de Admi-nistração Pública (ENAP). Por meio do processo de certificação, os próprios municípios e esta-dos participantes levantam e fornecem dados acerca das 10 dimensões de governança migratóriaestabelecidas pelo MigraCidades, dentre as quais está a dimensão de acesso à saúde. As respostasfornecidas pelos 27 governos participantes da Edição 2020 acerca da dimensão “Acesso à Saúde"foram compiladas neste relatório em três grupos: 1) Estados, 2) Capitais e 3) demais Municípios;a partir de 4 eixos: 1) ‘acesso’, 2) ‘capacitação, divulgação e recorte de gênero’; 3) ‘dados’ e 4) ‘go-vernança’. Embora o universo abrangido ainda seja limitado para generalizações, o relatório trazinformações sobre o que tem sido feito em âmbito local, alerta sobre a necessidade de avançosem relação à política migratória local, contribui para a ampliação do diálogo com a sociedade civile subsidia pesquisas voltadas ao acesso à saúde pela população migrante

Menores marroquíes solos y en peligro: un programa de política pública para la prevención de su delincuencia y victimización en las calles de Ceuta

La existencia de menores extranjeros en la calle, en situación de desprotección y exposición a situaciones de riesgo victimológico y delictivo es una realidad en algunas ciudades españolas. Ceuta y Melilla son ciudades peculiares debido a las características físicas ypolíticas de estos enclaves en el continente africano. Las exigencias de protección de estos niños, niñas y adolescentes, alejadas de cualquier otra consideración por su condición de extranjeros, ha puesto en jaque a los sistemas de protección españoles, garantes del bienestar de todo menor en situación de desamparo. En este contexto, la Ciudad Autónoma de Ceuta ha suscrito con la Universidad de Málaga (UMA) un convenio para poner en marcha un programa piloto de intervención comunitaria para prevenir la delincuencia infanto-juvenil de estos menores. El diseño, ejecución y evaluación de este programa corre a cargo del Observatorio criminológico del sistema penal ante la inmigración (OCSPI) - UMA. La intervención, que durará dos años (2018-2019), se basa en las recomendaciones realizadas por la Comisión del Consejo de Europa en abril de 2017 y en los fundamentos teóricos criminológicos sobre la prevención de la delincuencia de menores de edad e inmigración. El programa busca realizar un diagnóstico de la situación de los menores en situación de calle y darles respuestas individualizadas. A partir de la intervención, se recogen los datos fruto de la observación participante, y necesarios para la evaluación del programa. Los primeros resultados apuntan a que un programa de política pública de estas características permite conocer la cambiante realidad de los menores en situación de calle, fruto de una gran movilidad transfronteriza, y detectar menores invisibles para el sistema de protección. Además, permite proteger a menores en situaciones de especial vulnerabilidad, rebajar la tensión callejera y reducir oportunidades de delincuencia y victimización.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Victims without voice: a research and intervention program to protect Moroccan minors in the streets of Ceuta

Due to its geographical location Ceuta faces a big challenge: aside from the 300 unaccompanied minors hosted in the reception center for minors under the tutelage of the protection system there are around 50 minors in street situation. The PREMECE program an agreement between the city of Ceuta and the University of Malaga focus on research and intervention with this group that escapes the protection system. For many of these minors Ceuta is city of passage to Spanish peninsula so they remain on the streets adjoining the port looking for the opportunity to cross the Strait of Gibraltar underneath the trucks that depart on ferries. On the streets of Ceuta they are exposed to victimization and delinquency risks. Under the PREMECE Program a team of educators and psychologists work with the minors on the streets using strategies of positive parenting to help them to make appropriate decisions and leave the street. Through the participant observation and the relationship of trust built between the street educators and the minors it is possible to obtain data on victimization that would not otherwise reach the authorities' knowledge. This presentation is focused on the victimization of this group who is often labeled as delinquent.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

THE ROLE OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIOCULTURAL FUNCTIONS OF ANIMAL PRODUCTION IN WELLBEING AND DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL COMMUNITIES OF TIMOR-LESTE

Livestock production in Timor-Leste is predominantly familiar being chickens, pigs, goats, cattle, horses, buffaloes and sheep the main species. The livestock species play very important economic and sociocultural roles for the well-being of rural households, such as food supply, source of income, asset saving, source of employment, soil fertility, livelihoods, transport, agricultural traction, agricultural diversification and sustainable agricultural production. The aim of this work was to identify and characterize the different roles that livestock and livestock species play in rural communities of Timor-Leste, highlighting the importance of animal production for the wellbeing and rural development, and relate the functions performed by livestock production with economic, social and cultural attributes of the communities. The data used in this study were collected in 2011 through a questionnaire survey in three rural communities in the district of Bobonaro -mountain area, irrigation plain and coastal zone, and were complemented with secondary dat

Metodologia de testes para avaliação de um sistema de gerenciamento de qualidade da energia elétrica

The increased sensitivity of equipment to electrical disturbances and the spread of nonlinear loads are some of the factors that reinforce the importance of Power quality (PQ). Poor power quality can lead to equipment damage, interruptions and other consequences causing monetary losses and possible legal actions. Therefore, monitoring the PQ status in power grid is a strategic factor, while it allows the identification of critical areas. The different types of meters, the massive amount of data and the many PQ indices defined by PRODIST (Brazilian standard for power distribution) make the PQ management a difficult task to be accomplished efficiently without an automatic power quality management system (PQMS). In this concern, this work presents a review on the projects that have been developed around the world regarding power quality data monitoring and management. This work also presents a proposal for PQMS addressing data acquisition, PQ indices calculation algorithm and a human machine interface for displaying results in a user-friendly format. Considering that the PQ indices take at least a week to be determined, the process of testing and validating the developed system would be timeconsuming and inefficient if it were performed using real measurement data. Hence, this work proposes and applies an efficient methodology for the PQMS validation using a PQ test bench in order to test all the software functions in an optimized way. The challenges encountered and the results obtained during the PQMS validation process are also presented and discussed.Agência 1O aumento da sensibilidade dos equipamentos aos distúrbios elétricos e a disseminação de cargas não-lineares são alguns dos fatores que reforçam a importância da qualidade de energia elétrica (QEE). A má qualidade de energia elétrica pode resultar em problemas como interrupções de processos produtivos, danos em equipamentos, processos judiciais e perdas monetárias. Sendo assim, o monitoramento do estado da QEE na rede elétrica é um fator estratégico, uma vez que possibilita a identificação de áreas críticas. Os diferentes tipos de medidores, a quantidade massiva de registros de medições e os diversos indicadores de QEE estabelecidos pelo PRODIST fazem com que a gestão da qualidade de energia seja uma tarefa difícil de ser efetuada eficientemente sem o auxílio de um sistema adequado de gerenciamento de indicadores. Dentro desse contexto, esse trabalho apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica acerca das práticas adotadas no Brasil e no mundo, no que diz respeito ao monitoramento e gerenciamento de indicadores de qualidade. O trabalho apresenta também a especificação funcional de um sistema de gerenciamento de qualidade da energia (SGQ) contemplando a aquisição de dados, o algoritmo de cálculo dos indicadores e a interface gráfica para apresentação dos resultados de maneira intuitiva e direta. Considerando que os indicadores de QEE levam no mínimo uma semana para serem apurados, o processo de realização de testes do SGQ implantado seria demorado e ineficiente se fosse realizado a partir de dados reais de medição. Dessa forma, o trabalho propõe e aplica uma metodologia para a validação do SGQ desenvolvendo uma plataforma de testes em ambiente laboratorial a fim de testar todas as funcionalidades do software de maneira otimizada. Os desafios encontrados e os resultados obtidos no processo de validação do SGQ também são apresentados e discutidos

TIME VARYING GENDER AND PASSIVE TISSUE RESPONSES TO PROLONGED DRIVING

Background: Prolonged sitting in an automobile seat may alter the passive tissue stiffness of the lumbar spine differentially in males and females. Gender specific ergonomic interventions may be indicated for the automobile seat design. Purpose: To compare time-varying passive lumbar spine stiffness in response to a two hour simulated driving trial with time-varying lumbar spine and pelvic postures during sitting in an automobile seat. A secondary purpose was to investigate gender differences in lumbar spine stiffness, seat/occupant pressure profile, discomfort rating and posture. Methods: Twenty (10 males, 10 females) subjects with no recent history of back pain were recruited from a university population. Participants completed a simulated driving task for two hours. Passive lumbar range of motion was measured on a customized frictionless jig before, halfway through and at the end of the two-hour driving trial. Changes in the passive moment-angle curves were quantified using the transition zone slopes, breakpoints and maximum lumbar flexion angles. Lumbar spine and pelvic postures were monitored continuously during the simulated driving trial with average and maximum lumbar flexion angles as well as pelvic tilt angles being calculated. Results: Both men and women initially demonstrated an increase in transitional zone stiffness after 1 hour of sitting. After 2 hours of sitting, transitional zone stiffness was found to increase in males and decrease in females. During sitting, women were found to sit with significantly greater lumbar flexion than males and to significantly change the amount of lumbar flexion over the 2 hour period of simulated driving. Conclusions: Postural differences during simulated driving were demonstrated between genders in this study. In order to prevent injury to the passive elements of the spine during prolonged driving, gender specific ergonomic interventions, such as improved lumbar support, are indicated for the automobile seat

Spine Biomechanics of Prolonged Sitting: Exploring the Effect Chair Features, Walking Breaks and Spine Manipulation have on Posture and Perceived Pain in Men and Women.

Purpose: Prolonged sitting while working in an office has become a standard function in our society. While seated postures do conserve energy and permit a worker to focus on a task, the posture also involves a significant amount of spine flexion. Held for a prolonged period of time, this non-neutral posture has the potential to generate low back pain through the loading, strain and compression tissues of the low back and buttocks. Indeed, literature points to an association between prolonged occupational sitting and back pain: an expensive problem in terms of direct and indirect health care costs. Two factors involved in this problem, the flexed posture of the low back and the prolonged constrained nature of sitting, could be manipulated in order to reduce their respective contributions to pain and injury pathways. Specifically, decreasing low back flexion could be achieved with various office chair design features and the quasi-static loading scenario could be broken up with movement. The purpose of this thesis was to explore the effect of these two strategies on biomechanical parameters and perceived pain during prolonged sitting. The first part of this thesis explores the effect office chair design features including lumbar support, forward seat pan tilt and a scapular relief backrest have on low back posture, muscle activity and pain compared to a control chair configuration. The second part of this thesis explores the effect active (walking) and passive (lumbar spine manipulation) movement interventions have on those same biomechanical factors. Methods: Twenty-eight participants (14 male and 14 female) were recruited for a radiographic study of low back and pelvic postures adopted in standing, maximum flexion and each of the four office chair conditions: control configuration, lumbar support, anterior seat pan tilt and backrest with scapular relief. Measures of lumbar lordosis, intervertebral joint angles and sacral tilt were taken from lateral lumbar radiographs and compared between conditions. To assess these chair features in a more realistic way, this radiographic study was followed by an in-vivo laboratory study allowing for prolonged exposures to each condition. In this study, 31 (15 males and 16 females) completed a standardized word processing task while sitting in each of the four chair conditions (control, lumbar support, forward seat pan tilt and scapular relief, presented in a random order) during four 30-minute blocks. Measures of spine posture (upper back, lower back and pelvis), torso muscle activity (abdominal, back and gluteal), seat pan pressure and perceived pain were collected throughout this two-hour exposure and compared between conditions. To assess the impact of walking breaks on biomechanical parameters and perceived pain throughout a two-hour sitting exposure, 32 subjects (16 males and 16 females) were recruited for two data collections. In a random order, the subjects experienced either a control experiment that consisted of completing a standardized word processing task while sitting for two-hours on a neutral office chair seat pan (backrest removed) or an intervention experiment that was identical to the control session with the exception of two, two-minute, self-paced walking breaks at 40 minute intervals. Measures of spine posture (upper back, lower back and pelvis), back and pelvic muscle activity, seat pan pressure and perceived pain were collected throughout these two-hour exposures and compared between conditions. The effect of a lumbar spine manipulation, a passive form of movement imparted to the body, on biomechanical parameters of muscle activity, back and pelvic posture and perceived pain was examined in a shorter intervention study. Twenty subjects (10 male and 10 female) received either a lumbar spine manipulation or a control maneuver (lumbar spine manipulation set-up with preload but no thrust) in a random order after 40-minute blocks of sitting on an office chair seat pan (backrest removed) completing a standardized word processing task. Surface muscle activity for the low back and pelvis, indwelling activity of a deep back muscle, spine and pelvic postures and perceived pain were compared between conditions. Results: The radiographic study confirms the extensive lumbar spine flexion in sitting compared to upright standing and maximum flexion. Sitting in an office chair, regardless of design features to reduce spine flexion, results in postures of approximately 70 % of maximum range of low back flexion. No significant differences in low back posture were found between the chair features or control configuration, however; significantly more anterior rotation of the pelvis was found with the lumbar support and forward seat pan configurations. In the prolonged sitting experiment, Study 2, use of the lumbar support and seat pan tilt features were again found to impart significant anterior rotation of the pelvis but these features also resulted in significantly more upright spine postures as well. These improved postures were maintained actively by muscles in the seat pan tilt condition and passively by the backrest in the lumbar support condition. Chair conditions had minimal impact on seat pressure variables. Despite the improvements in posture with two of the chair features and regardless of muscle activity levels, perceived back pain steadily increased to clinically significant levels throughout the two-hour exposure. Analysis of the pain scores revealed the presence of statistically different sub-groups: non-pain developers, subclinical pain developers and pain developers. Reassessing the effectiveness of each chair condition in light of these groups revealed that pain developers demonstrated a clear intolerance for the seat pan tilt configuration. In the third study, brief walking breaks of self-selected intensity had no effect on most biomechanical factors with the exception of reduced seat pressure and seat pressure area. The walking breaks were able to provide a significant, but short-lived, reduction in perceived pain, however, they were not able to reduce the level of perceived pain that develops by the end of a two-hour exposure to prolonged sitting. Similar to the walking breaks examined in Study 3; lumbar spine manipulation does not appear to effect postures or ultimate perceived pain levels during prolonged sitting. However, the results from Study 4 show an immediate reduction in perceived pain following both the manipulation and control maneuvers and a significant reduction in muscle activity following spine manipulation. Conclusions: Both posture and movement interventions are important to consider when addressing the issue of low back pain associated with sitting. However, it does appear that altering seated posture through chair design features alone is not enough to solve this problem. Indeed, while features such as lumbar supports and forward seat pan tilt have been shown reduce the flexion of the low back and pelvis, there is the potential for these features to add to the problem as opposed to reducing it. Specifically, forward seat pan tilt without appropriate back support will likely increase pain in a portion of the population. Movement interventions appear to be more promising in solving this problem, however, the ratio of work/break and intensity, frequency and duration parameters need to be explored further. Brief walking breaks at 40-minute intervals can provide significant immediate relief of sitting associated back pain, however, this intervention is not able to alter biomechanical parameters or ultimate perceived pain in prolonged sitting. Similarly, there is evidence that lumbar spine manipulation may provide short term relief from sitting induced pain as well as reduced muscle activity in sitting, but future work needs to determine the implication of reduced muscle activation as well as the intervention dosage required to obtain longer lasting relief from pain

Colocações lexicais em português e francês : ocorrências em corpora e obras lexicográficas

Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (graduação) — Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Letras, Departamento de Linguística, Português e Línguas Clássicas, 2020.Esta pesquisa tem como embasamento teórico a Linguística de Corpus (KUHN; FERREIRA, 2020; BERBER SARDINHA, 2004) e a Lexicografia (POLGUÈRE, 2018; CARVALHO, 2001), que motivaram a observação das possibilidades de combinatória lexical restrita, conforme o discutido por Carvalho (2017) e Williams (2001). O presente trabalho é pautado pelos seguintes percursos metodológicos: i) revisão bibliográfica sobre o fenômeno das colocações lexicais, que compõem o objeto de estudo; ii) identificação e análise do fenômeno estudado em corpora das línguas românicas português e francês, tendo como foco as ocorrências de combinação entre verbo + substantivo/adjetivo/advérbio (colocações verbais); iii) investigação da amostra de ocorrências em diferentes seções dos verbetes constantes de obras lexicográficas monolíngues e bilíngues. Como resultado, verificou-se a alta frequência de uso das colocações lexicais nas ferramentas de corpora, que se opõe à presença relativamente baixa destas combinações nos dicionários sob análise; discorreu-se, também, sobre a possibilidade de consulta às ferramentas analisadas, de forma mais consciente sobre o fenômeno colocacional, no processo de ensino-aprendizagem de léxico.The present research is based on the theoretical framework of Corpus Linguistics (KUHN; FERREIRA, 2020; BERBER SARDINHA, 2004) and Lexicography (POLGUÈRE, 2018; CARVALHO, 2001). These fields motivated the observation of the possibilities of restricted lexical combinatorics, as discussed by Carvalho (2017) and Williams (2001). Our work is guided by the following methodological paths: i) bibliographic review on the phenomenon of lexical collocations, which compose the object of study; ii) identification and analysis of such phenomenon in corpora of the Portuguese and French languages, focusing on the occurrences of a combination of verb + noun / adjective / adverb (verbal collocations); iii) investigation of the sample of occurrences in different sections of entries in monolingual and bilingual dictionaries. As a result, we verified a high frequency of use of lexical collocations in corpora tools, in contrast to the relatively low presence of such combinations in the dictionaries under analysis. We also discussed the possibility of consulting the analyzed tools in a more conscious way about the collocational phenomenon, in the lexicon teaching-learning process