Hematological and clinical chemistry changes induced by acute stress during handling and capture of catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

Objetivo. Evaluar los efectos del estrés agudo debido al manejo y captura sobre los parámetros hematológicos y bioquímicos en bagre de canal (Ictalurus punctatus) bajo cultivo. Materiales y métodos. Los peces (200 g promedio) fueron mantenidos en tanques de cultivo y divididos en dos tratamientos, por duplicado, (n= 15 x 2 x 2 = 60 peces). Treinta bagres fueron expuestos por 5 min a estrés agudo (TE) por manejo y captura, mientras que otro grupo no (grupo control, TnE). Diez peces de cada tratamiento fueron colectados a las 0, 6, y 24 h post-estrés para la extracción de sangre, los bagres del TnE fueron anestesiados durante su manejo y captura. Se evaluó el hemograma (método manual) y bioquímica sanguínea (espectrofotometría). Los resultados fueron analizados mediante la prueba de t student. Resultados. El contenido de eritrocitos, hematocrito, hemoglobina y glucosa de los animales TE fue significativamente mayor (p<0.05) a las 6 h post-estrés en comparación de TnE. Las células inmune en peces TE disminuyeron a las 6 y 24 h post-estrés, siendo leucocitos y linfocitos significativamente menores en el TnE (p<0.05) a las 24 h post-estrés. Otros parámetros evaluados no presentaron diferencias significativas en lo largo del estudio. Conclusiones. Los resultados sugieren que varios indicadores hematológicos y bioquímica sanguínea en los peces son alterados por el estrés agudo ocasionado por manejo y captura

Hematological and clinical chemistry changes induced by acute stress during handling and capture of catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

Objetivo. Evaluar los efectos del estrés agudo debido al manejo y captura sobre los parámetros hematológicos y bioquímicos en bagre de canal (Ictalurus punctatus) bajo cultivo. Materiales y métodos. Los peces (200 g promedio) fueron mantenidos en tanques de cultivo y divididos en dos tratamientos, por duplicado, (n= 15 x 2 x 2 = 60 peces). Treinta bagres fueron expuestos por 5 min a estrés agudo (TE) por manejo y captura, mientras que otro grupo no (grupo control, TnE). Diez peces de cada tratamiento fueron colectados a las 0, 6, y 24 h post-estrés para la extracción de sangre, los bagres del TnE fueron anestesiados durante su manejo y captura. Se evaluó el hemograma (método manual) y bioquímica sanguínea (espectrofotometría). Los resultados fueron analizados mediante la prueba de t student. Resultados. El contenido de eritrocitos, hematocrito, hemoglobina y glucosa de los animales TE fue significativamente mayor (p&lt;0.05) a las 6 h post-estrés en comparación de TnE. Las células inmune en peces TE disminuyeron a las 6 y 24 h post-estrés, siendo leucocitos y linfocitos significativamente menores en el TnE (p&lt;0.05) a las 24 h post-estrés. Otros parámetros evaluados no presentaron diferencias significativas en lo largo del estudio. Conclusiones. Los resultados sugieren que varios indicadores hematológicos y bioquímica sanguínea en los peces son alterados por el estrés agudo ocasionado por manejo y captura

Detección molecular de Ehrlichia canis y Anaplasma phagocytophilum y alteraciones hematológicas de perros infectados

Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are tick-borne diseases caused by bacteria of the genera Ehrlichia and Anaplasma. Since clinical manifestations are varied and nonspecific, the diagnosis in clinical practice, remains a challenge for veterinarians. Furthermore, the distribution of these infections includes areas where its tick vector, Rhipicephalus sanguineus is present. This study was designed to evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with the presence of Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in dogs from the central area of Tamaulipas. PCR screened 384 canine blood samples obtained from different veterinary clinics and a shelter. The data were analyzed using the Chi-square test (P level <0.05 for statistical significance). The results showed that 103 (26.8%) out of 384 samples were positive for E. canis, while A. phagocytophilum was not detected. Statistical analysis did not show relationship between E. canis and variables like gender, breed, and origin (P˃0.05). Nonetheless, there was a statistically significant difference between infected adult dogs (15-84 months) compared to other age groups evaluated (p<0.05). Regarding hematocrit, platelets count, plasma protein, total and differential white blood cells counts, none of these parameters were significantly different (P>0.05)Las ehrlichiosis y anaplasmosis canina son enfermedades transmitidas por garrapatas, provocadas por bacterias del género Ehrlichia y Anaplasma. Debido a sus múltiples manifestaciones clínicas, su diagnóstico es un reto para el veterinario. La distribución de estos hemoparásitos incluye áreas donde su principal vector, Rhipicephalus sanguineus está presente. Este estudio fue diseñado para determinar la presencia Ehrlichia canis y Anaplasma phagocytophilum, así como los factores asociados y hallazgos hematológicos comunes en perros de la zona centro de Tamaulipas. Se evaluaron, a través de PCR, 384 muestras de sangre provenientes de animales de diferentes clínicas veterinarias y un refugio. El análisis de datos se realizó con la prueba Chi cuadrada con un nivel de significancia de 0.05. Los resultados muestran que, del total de muestras 103 (26.8%) resultaron positivas a E. canis, mientras que para A. phagocytophilum no se detectó ningún caso. No se observó asociación significativa con relación al sexo, raza, ni lugar de procedencia (p>0.05), a diferencia de la edad, donde se encontró mayor prevalencia de E. canis para adultos (15-84 meses) (p<0.05). En relación con el hematocrito, conteo de plaquetas, proteínas plasmáticas totales, conteo y diferencial leucocitario, no existió diferencias significativas (p>0.05

Differential expression analysis for subolesin in Rhipicephalus microplus infected with Anaplasma marginale

Rhipicephalus microplus (formerly Boophilus microplus) ticks are potential vectors of several pathogens of livestock especially in tropical and subtropical regions where may have substantial effects on economic development. Among tick-borne pathogens, Anaplasma marginale is considered one of the most important in domestic and wild ruminants worldwide. Different molecular mechanisms have been employed by both ticks and these intracellular pathogens, in order to be able to adapt and survive. Subolesin, originally called 4D8, is an evolutionarily well-preserved protein among ixodid tick species. This new antigen was found to be protective against tick infestations when used as a vaccine, as it has an essential role in tick blood digestion, development and infection of host cells by A. marginale. Recent studies have demonstrated that infection of both tick and vertebrate host cells with this microorganism changed gene expression. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to investigate subolesin expression in uninfected and A. marginale-infected R. microplus salivary glands by real-time reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR. To analyze the differential expression of the recombinant protein subolesin, the gene was previously expressed from ticks infected with A. marginale. Results from this study revealed that, the expression of subolesin was significantly higher in salivary glands of infected R. microplus in comparison to uninfected ones.This work was supported by the Project CB-2015-01-255205: “Caracterización proteómica de Rhipicephalus microplus, R. annulatus y Amblyomma cajenennse para el control de infestaciones en bovinos”. Authorization DICB/C1000/3284/2016 funded by SEP-CONACYT.Peer Reviewe

Hematological and clinical chemistry changes induced by acute stress during handling and capture of catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus )

ABSTRACT Objetive . Evaluation of hematological and biochemical parameters of culture channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) under acute stress by management and capture practice. Materials and methods . Fish (200 g mean) were maintained in culture tanks and divided in two treatments, in duplicate, (n=15x2x2=60 fishes). Thirty catfish were exposed for 5 min to acute stress (TE) by management and capture practice, while other group not (control group, TnE). 10 fish for treatment were collected at 0, 6, and 24 h post-stress for blood collection, where TnE fishes were anesthetized along work. Complete blood count (manual method) and blood biochemical (spectrophotometry) of fish samples were evaluated and their results were analyzed using a Student's t-distribution. Results . The erythrocytes, hematocrit, hemoglobin and glucose level of TE animals was significantly higher (p<0.05) at 6 h post-stress, in comparison of TnE. Immune cells in fish TE decreased at 6 and 24 h post-stress, where leukocytes and lymphocytes were significantly lower that TnE (p<0.05) at 24 h post-stress. Other evaluated parameters did not show significant differences along this study. Conclusions . Those results suggest that several hematological and blood biochemical parameters in fish changed by acute stress generated by management and capture practice.RESUMEN Objetivo . Evaluar los efectos del estrés agudo debido al manejo y captura sobre los parámetros hematológicos y bioquímicos en bagre de canal (Ictalurus punctatus) bajo cultivo. Materiales y métodos . Los peces (200 g promedio) fueron mantenidos en tanques de cultivo y divididos en dos tratamientos, por duplicado, (n= 15 x 2 x 2 = 60 peces). Treinta bagres fueron expuestos por 5 min a estrés agudo (TE) por manejo y captura, mientras que otro grupo no (grupo control, TnE). Diez peces de cada tratamiento fueron colectados a las 0, 6, y 24 h post-estrés para la extracción de sangre, los bagres del TnE fueron anestesiados durante su manejo y captura. Se evaluó el hemograma (método manual) y bioquímica sanguínea (espectrofotometría). Los resultados fueron analizados mediante la prueba de t student. Resultados . El contenido de eritrocitos, hematocrito, hemoglobina y glucosa de los animales TE fue significativamente mayor (p<0.05) a las 6 h post-estrés en comparación de TnE. Las células inmune en peces TE disminuyeron a las 6 y 24 h post-estrés, siendo leucocitos y linfocitos significativamente menores en el TnE (p<0.05) a las 24 h post-estrés. Otros parámetros evaluados no presentaron diferencias significativas en lo largo del estudio. Conclusiones . Los resultados sugieren que varios indicadores hematológicos y bioquímica sanguínea en los peces son alterados por el estrés agudo ocasionado por manejo y captura

Physiological and Behavioral Mechanisms of Thermoregulation in Mammals

This review analyzes the main anatomical structures and neural pathways that allow the generation of autonomous and behavioral mechanisms that regulate body heat in mammals. The study of the hypothalamic neuromodulation of thermoregulation offers broad areas of opportunity with practical applications that are currently being strengthened by the availability of efficacious tools like infrared thermography (IRT). These areas could include the following: understanding the effect of climate change on behavior and productivity; analyzing the effects of exercise on animals involved in sporting activities; identifying the microvascular changes that occur in response to fear, pleasure, pain, and other situations that induce stress in animals; and examining thermoregulating behaviors. This research could contribute substantially to understanding the drastic modification of environments that have severe consequences for animals, such as loss of appetite, low productivity, neonatal hypothermia, and thermal shock, among others. Current knowledge of these physiological processes and complex anatomical structures, like the nervous systems and their close relation to mechanisms of thermoregulation, is still limited. The results of studies in fields like evolutionary neuroscience of thermoregulation show that we cannot yet objectively explain even processes that on the surface seem simple, including behavioral changes and the pathways and connections that trigger mechanisms like vasodilatation and panting. In addition, there is a need to clarify the connection between emotions and thermoregulation that increases the chances of survival of some organisms. An increasingly precise understanding of thermoregulation will allow us to design and apply practical methods in fields like animal science and clinical medicine without compromising levels of animal welfare. The results obtained should not only increase the chances of survival but also improve quality of life and animal production

Frecuencia y caracterización de las principales neoplasias presentes en el perro doméstico en Tamaulipas (México)

In Mexico, research on veterinary oncology is scarce. This is the first report on the most common neoplasms in domestic dogs in northeastern Mexico, which establishes important bases for future epidemiological research. A retrospective study covering 2013 and a prospective study from January to August of 2014 was carried out in the Animal Pathology Department of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science at the Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, as well as in a private laboratory. A total of 250 samples of cytopathology and histopathology of tumors or lesions suggestive of neoplasms were analyzed. 213 of them were diagnosed as neoplasms and 37 as non-neoplastic processes. Malignant neoplasms were more frequent than benign ones. They were classified as epithelial or mesenchymal neoplasms. Mixed breed dogs were the most affected, followed by the Labrador breed. Female dogs developed tumors with the highest frequency, with 145 records. For the statistical analysis, Fisher’s exact test was used, which determined the existence of a statistically significant association (p < 0.05) between the presence of the five most frequent types of tumors and the patients’ sex, race, and age in the development of neoplasms. No significant differences were observed when evaluating the relation of the neoplastic tumor with race and sex, although there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) regarding the patients’ age.No México, a pesquisa sobre oncologia veterinária é escassa. Este é o primeiro relatório sobre as neoplasias mais comuns no cão doméstico no noroeste do México e estabelece as bases importantes para futuras pesquisas epidemiológicas. Realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo de 2013 e prospectivo de janeiro a agosto de 2014, no Departamento de Patologia Animal da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Autônoma de Tamaulipas, mais um laboratório particular. Analisaram-se em total 250 amostras de cito patologia e histopatologia de tumores ou lesões sugestivas a neoplasias. Destas, 213 se diagnosticaram como neoplasias e 37 como processos não neoplásicos. As neoplasias malignas foram mais frequentes do que as benignas. Classificaram-se em epiteliais ou mesenquimais. Os cães foram os mais afetados, seguidos pela raça labrador. As fêmeas apresentaram maior frequência no desenvolvimento de tumores, com 145 registros. Para a análise estatística se utilizou a prova exata de Fisher, que determinou a existência de uma associação estatística significativa (p < 0,05) entre a presença dos cinco tipos de tumores mais frequentes e o sexo, a raça e a idade dos pacientes no desenvolvimento de neoplasias. Não se observaram diferenças significativas ao avaliar o comportamento do tumor neoplásico com raça e sexo, mesmo havendo uma diferença significativa (p < 0,05) com a idade dos pacientes.En México, la investigación sobre oncología veterinaria es escasa. Este es el primer informe sobre las neoplasias más comunes en el perro doméstico en el noreste de México y establece las bases importantes para futuras investigaciones epidemiológicas. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de 2013 y prospectivo de enero a agosto de 2014, en el Departamento de Patología Animal de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas y en un laboratorio particular. Se analizaron un total de 250 muestras de citopatología e histopatología de tumores o lesiones sugestivas a neoplasias. De estas 213 se diagnosticaron como neoplasias y 37 como procesos no neoplásicos. Las neoplasias malignas fueron más frecuentes que las benignas. Se clasificaron en epiteliales o mesenquimales. Los perros mestizos fueron los más afectados, seguidos por la raza labrador. Las hembras presentaron mayor frecuencia en el desarrollo de tumores, con 145 registros. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la prueba exacta de Fisher, que determinó la existencia de una asociación estadística significativa (p < 0,05) entre la presencia de los cinco tipos de tumores más frecuentes y el sexo, la raza y la edad de los pacientes en el desarrollo de neoplasias. No se observaron diferencias significativas al evaluar el comportamiento del tumor neoplásico con raza y sexo, aunque sí hubo diferencia significativa (p < 0,05) con la edad de los pacientes

Frecuencia y caracterización de las principales neoplasias presentes en el perro doméstico en Tamaulipas (México)

En México, la investigación sobre oncología veterinaria es escasa. Este es el primer informe sobre las neoplasias más comunes en el perro doméstico en el noreste de México y establece las bases importantes para futuras investigaciones epidemiológicas. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de 2013 y prospectivo de enero a agosto de 2014, en el Departamento de Patología Animal de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas y en un laboratorio particular. Se analizaron un total de 250 muestras de citopatología e histopatología de tumores o lesiones sugestivas a neoplasias. De estas 213 se diagnosticaron como neoplasias y 37 como procesos no neoplásicos. Las neoplasias malignas fueron más frecuentes que las benignas. Se clasificaron en epiteliales o mesenquimales. Los perros mestizos fueron los más afectados, seguidos por la raza labrador. Las hembras presentaron mayor frecuencia en el desarrollo de tumores, con 145 registros. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la prueba exacta de Fisher, que determinó la existencia de una asociación estadística significativa (p \u3c 05) entre la presencia de los cinco tipos de tumores más frecuentes y el sexo, la raza y la edad de los pacientes en el desarrollo de neoplasias. No se observaron diferencias significativas al evaluar el comportamiento del tumor neoplásico con raza y sexo, aunque sí hubo diferencia significativa (p \u3c 05) con la edad de los pacientes

Pathophysiology of Fever and Application of Infrared Thermography (IRT) in the Detection of Sick Domestic Animals: Recent Advances

Body-temperature elevations are multifactorial in origin and classified as hyperthermia as a rise in temperature due to alterations in the thermoregulation mechanism; the body loses the ability to control or regulate body temperature. In contrast, fever is a controlled state, since the body adjusts its stable temperature range to increase body temperature without losing the thermoregulation capacity. Fever refers to an acute phase response that confers a survival benefit on the body, raising core body temperature during infection or systemic inflammation processes to reduce the survival and proliferation of infectious pathogens by altering temperature, restriction of essential nutrients, and the activation of an immune reaction. However, once the infection resolves, the febrile response must be tightly regulated to avoid excessive tissue damage. During fever, neurological, endocrine, immunological, and metabolic changes occur that cause an increase in the stable temperature range, which allows the core body temperature to be considerably increased to stop the invasion of the offending agent and restrict the damage to the organism. There are different metabolic mechanisms of thermoregulation in the febrile response at the central and peripheral levels and cellular events. In response to cold or heat, the brain triggers thermoregulatory responses to coping with changes in body temperature, including autonomic effectors, such as thermogenesis, vasodilation, sweating, and behavioral mechanisms, that trigger flexible, goal-oriented actions, such as seeking heat or cold, nest building, and postural extension. Infrared thermography (IRT) has proven to be a reliable method for the early detection of pathologies affecting animal health and welfare that represent economic losses for farmers. However, the standardization of protocols for IRT use is still needed. Together with the complete understanding of the physiological and behavioral responses involved in the febrile process, it is possible to have timely solutions to serious problem situations. For this reason, the present review aims to analyze the new findings in pathophysiological mechanisms of the febrile process, the heat-loss mechanisms in an animal with fever, thermoregulation, the adverse effects of fever, and recent scientific findings related to different pathologies in farm animals through the use of IRT