Interactions between Non-Discrimination Laws and Socioeconomic Status of Sexual Minorities

At its core, this project analyzes the interactions between state non-discrimination laws and the socioeconomic status of same-sex households in the United States. There is a large body of work examining the earnings gap for sexual minorities, but there is a dearth in studies looking at the effect of such protective laws. Using annual American Community Survey (ACS) data from 2000 to 2016, we examine the personal total income, household income, and unemployment in the ten states experiencing relevant reform. This study has two main findings. First, we confirm that sexual minorities experience substantial earnings differences, finding that lesbian women experience an income premium of 32.2 percent and gay men face an income penalty of 21.4 percent. Second, we find that non-discrimination laws seem to be decreasing the pay gap in both directions, shrinking the lesbian premium by 6.7 percent and the gay penalty by 12.1 percent. While we are unable to say these effects are causal, in the context of a history of wage penalties for gay males and wage premiums for lesbian women, protective reforms are positively and strongly correlated with closing the lesbian and gay income gap. From these main findings we are left with additional questions including: why does the lesbian premium exist, and why do protective reforms seem to chip away at it? While we review some relevant theories and offer our own, in the end these findings remain a puzzle

Ressources "nationales" et ressources locales. Les "Génois" sur les routes tyrrhénniennes entre le XVIIIe siècle et début du XIXe siècle

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Shareholders Do Not Have Standing To Bring an Individual Action Against Third Parties Who Have Damaged the Corporation: Adair v. Wozniak

Apart from the context of a derivative action, can a shareholder in a corporation sue individually for wrongful acts committed against the corporation by third parties? The general rule of corporate law states that a shareholder cannot attain standing for such a suit. This rule is grounded on the theory that all shareholders should incur loss from third party wrongdoing in proportion to the amount of shares he or she holds, and likewise should proportionately benefit when the corporate entity wins an action. In addition, courts are fearful that if this rule were not in force, then there would be a multiplicity of individual shareholder suits. Finally, the rule protects creditors\u27 rights and allows the board of directors to decide how recovered damages should be used by the corporation. In Adair v. Wozniak, a case of first impression, the Ohio Supreme Court followed this rule and by a six to one decision held that shareholders do not have an independent cause of action against a third party

Gatekeepers to Success: Missouri’s Exclusionary Approach to School Discipline

This Note first traces the history of the Federal Government’s involvement in education and moves into a discussion of the history of state and local control of education. Carrino uses the context of Missouri law to describe the policy implications of different disciplinary schemes and Missouri’s interaction with these policies. Carrino concludes with an argument for the implementation of a ballot measure in Missouri to better align state discipline statutes with the spirit of the Missouri Constitution and its educational guarantees

Use of an Interdependent Group Contingency to Improve Homework Completion, Homework Accuracy, and Achievement of High School Students with Disabilities

Homework is a frequently utilized teaching strategy in elementary and secondary classrooms. The completion of homework has been shown to have a strong positive effect on students\u27 academic achievement across content and ability levels. Moreover, research suggests a stronger positive relationship between homework and achievement at the upper grade levels. Numerous interventions, both at home and at school, have been employed to increase students\u27 level of homework completion and/or accuracy. The present investigation employed a single-subject reversal design to examine the effectiveness of an interdependent group contingency, with randomized components, on the homework completion, homework accuracy, and the academic achievement of a special education class of high school students. Results demonstrated that the intervention improved homework completion performance of these students, but with inconsistent gains in accuracy. However, academic improvements were made for the majority of students when the intervention was employed and there was a significant effect of the treatment from the baseline to the intervention phases. The teacher found the intervention to be acceptable for use in the classroom and valuable in changing homework behavior. Lastly, data from a student satisfaction survey found that students liked the intervention itself and felt it helped them to complete their homework

Later retirement, job strain, and health: Evidence from the new State Pension age in the United Kingdom

This paper examines the impact of raising the State Pension age on women's health. Exploiting a UK pension reform that increased women's State Pension age for up to 6 years since 2010, we show that raising the State Pension age leads to an increase of up to 12 percentage points in the probability of depressive symptoms, alongside an increase in self-reported medically diagnosed depression among women in a lower occupational grade. Our results suggest that these effects are driven by prolonged exposure to high-strain jobs characterised by high demands and low control. Effects are consistent across multiple subcomponents of the General Health Question and Short-Form-12 (SF-12) scores, and robust to alternative empirical specifications, including “placebo” analyses for women who never worked and for men