Fabrication of strong magnetic micron-sized supraparticles with anisotropic magnetic properties for magnetorheology

Dr Tavacoli is acknowledged for useful discussions. This work was supported by MICINN PID2019-104883GB-I00 project (Spain), Junta de Andalucı´a P18-FR-2465 project and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). J. R. M. acknowledges FPU14/01576 fellowship. E. C.-G. acknowledges financial support by CONACYT (Ref. #232347).We propose three different techniques to synthesize anisotropic magnetic supraparticles for their incorporation in the formulation of magnetorheological fluids with novel potential applications. The techniques include microtransfer molding, electrodeposition and microfluidic flow-focusing devices. Although the yield of these methods is not large, with their use, it is possible to synthesize supraparticles with anisotropy in both their magnetic content and shape. The magnetorheological characteristics (yield stress) of the resulting field-induced structures were computed using finite element method simulations and demonstrated to be strongly dependent on the microstructural anisotropy of the supraparticles. In anisotropic particles, the simulated yield stress is always larger than that of the isotropic ones consisting of magnetically homogeneous spherical particles.MICINN PID2019-104883GB-I00 project (Spain)Junta de Andalucía P18-FR-2465 projectEuropean Regional Development Fund (ERDF)FPU14/01576CONACYT (Ref. #232347

Nanostructured thin films obtained from Fischer aminocarbene complexes

The synthesis of four amphiphilic organometallic complexes with the general formula RC = M(CO)5NH(CH2)15CH3, where R is a ferrocenyl 2(a-b) or a phenyl 4(a-b) group as a donor moiety and a Fischer carbene of chromium (0) or tungsten (0) as an acceptor group, are reported. These four push-pull systems formed Langmuir (L) monolayers at the air-water interface, which were characterized by isotherms of surface pressure versus molecular area and compression/expansion cycles (hysteresis curves); Brewster angle microscopic images were also obtained. By using the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) method, molecular monolayers were transferred onto glass substrates forming Z-type multilayers. LB films were characterized through ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. Results indicated that films obtained from 2b complex [(Ferrocenyl)(hexadecylamine)methylidene] pentacarbonyl tungsten (0) are the most stable and homogeneous; due to their properties, these materials may be incorporated into organic electronic devices

Incidence of cancer in children residing in ten jurisdictions of the Mexican Republic: importance of the Cancer registry (a population-based study)

BACKGROUND: In 1996, Mexico started to register cases of childhood cancer. Here, we describe the incidence of cancer in children, residing in ten Mexican jurisdictions, who were treated by the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS). METHODS: New cases of childhood cancer, which were registered prospectively in nine principal Medical Centers of IMSS during the periods 1998–2000 (five jurisdictions) and 1996–2002 (five jurisdictions), were analyzed. Personnel were specifically trained to register, capture, and encode information. For each of these jurisdictions, the frequency, average annual age-standardized incidence (AAS) and average annual incidence per period by sex and, age, were calculated (rates per 1,000,000 children/years). RESULTS: In total 2,615 new cases of cancer were registered, with the male/female ratio generally >1, but in some tumors there were more cases in females (retinoblastoma, germ cells tumors). The principal groups of neoplasms in seven jurisdictions were leukemias, central nervous system tumors (CNS tumors), and lymphomas, and the combined frequency for these three groups was 62.6 to 77.2%. Most frequently found (five jurisdictions) was the North American-European pattern (leukemias-CNS tumors-lymphomas). Eight jurisdictions had AAS within the range reported in the world literature. The highest incidence was found for children underless than five year of age. In eight jurisdictions, leukemia had high incidence (>50). The AAS of lymphomas was between 1.9 to 28.6. Chiapas and Guerrero had the highest AAS of CNS tumors (31.9 and 30.3, respectively). The frequency and incidence of neuroblastoma was low. Chiapas had the highest incidence of retinoblastoma (21.8). Germ-cell tumors had high incidence. CONCLUSION: The North American-European pattern of cancers was the principal one found; the overall incidence was within the range reported worldwide. In general but particularly in two jurisdictions (Yucatán and Chiapas), it will be necessary to carry out studies concerning the causes of cancer in children. Due to the little that is known about the incidence of cancer in Mexican children, it will be necessary to develop a national program to establish a cancer registry for the whole of the country

Epidemiological and some clinical characteristics of neuroblastoma in Mexican children (1996–2005)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Neuroblastoma (NB) is the principal tumor of the sympathetic nervous system in children under one year of age. The incidence in developed countries is greater than that in developing countries. The aim of this article is to present the epidemiological and some clinical characteristics of Mexican children with NB.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A population-based, prolective study, with data obtained from the Childhood Cancer Registry of the Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social. Statistical analysis: The simple frequencies of the variables of the study and the annual average incidence (per 1,000,000 children/years) by age and sex were obtained. The trend was evaluated by calculating the annual percentage of change. The curves of Kaplan-Meyer were employed for the survival rate and the log-rank test was used to compare the curves.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Of a total of 2,758 children with cancer registered during the period from 1996–2005, 72 (2.6%) were identified as having Group IV, defined according to the International Classification of Childhood Cancer. The incidence for NB was 3.8 per 1,000,000 children/year; NB was highest in the group of children under one year of age, followed by the group of children between the ages 1–4 years (18.5 and 5.4 per 1,000,000 children/years, respectively). The male/female ratio was 1.1 and there was no trend toward an increase. The time of diagnosis was 26 days (median), but varied according to the stage at diagnosis. Stages III and IV were presented in 88% of the cases. There was no association between the stage, the age at time of diagnosis, or the histological pattern. The overall five-year survival rate was 64%; the patients with stage I, II, III, or IVs did not die; and the five-year survival rate of cases in Stage IV was 40%.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>It is possible that the low incidence of neuroblastoma in Mexican children is due to the difficulty in diagnosing the cases with the best prognosis, some of which could have had spontaneous regression. There was no trend to an increase; the majority of the cases were diagnosed in the advanced stages; and the overall five-years survival rate was similar to that for developed countries.</p

Patterns in Dried Droplets to Detect Unfolded BSA

The morphological analysis of patterns in dried droplets has allowed the generation of efficient techniques for the detection of molecules of medical interest. However, the effectiveness of this method to reveal the coexistence of macromolecules of the same species, but different conformational states, is still unknown. To address this problem, we present an experimental study on pattern formation in dried droplets of bovine serum albumin (BSA), in folded and unfolded conformational states, in saline solution (NaCl). Folded proteins produce a well-defined coffee ring and crystal patterns all over the dry droplet. Depending on the NaCl concentration, the crystals can be small, large, elongated, entangled, or dense. Optical microscopy reveals that the relative concentration of unfolded proteins determines the morphological characteristics of deposits. At a low relative concentration of unfolded proteins (above 2%), small amorphous aggregates emerge in the deposits, while at high concentrations (above 16%), the &ldquo;eye-like pattern&rdquo;, a large aggregate surrounded by a uniform coating, is produced. The radial intensity profile, the mean pixel intensity, and the entropy make it possible to characterize the patterns in dried droplets. We prove that it is possible to achieve 100% accuracy in identifying 4% of unfolded BSA contained in a protein solution

Spatial Microstructural Ordering of Expansive Clay Minerals

The volumetric change within soils containing expanding clays depends upon their spatial ordering and their mineralogy. So this work studies the spatial microstructural ordering and mineralogy of different expanding clays in order to correlate them with some of their geotechnical properties (plasticity, classification, and expansion). The clay microstructure was obtained using X-ray diffraction, and sweeping electronic microscopy. Physical characterization includes pH analysis. Clays with greater swelling (12.1–14.6% expansion) present greater agglomeration (gathering) (20–50 microns) in a flocculated structure that mainly contained sodic montmorillonite with 14–22 Å openings and 8.28 average pH, which indicates high electron concentrations with border-face interactions. Clays with the least expansion (7.6%) present lower agglomerations (5–10 microns) with face-to-face contacts within a dispersed structure that mainly contained calcium montmorillonite with openings lower than 15 Å and pH 7.56, which indicates a low electron concentration and face-to-face interaction. Major clay expansion corresponds to a greater size agglomerates, greater opening between particles, and greater pH presenting border-face and face-to-face interactions of a flocculent structure. Yet, the soils with lower expansion only present face-to-face interactions corresponding to a dispersed structure

Distribución y condiciones ecogeográficas del bosque relicto de Abies en zonas montañosas de Tamaulipas

Abstract: In the northeast of Mexico, the genus Abies forms forests considered relicts, with distribution only recognized by governmental instances for the state of Nuevo León. There are four species of Abies known within the state of Tamaulipas, which are listed by IUCN, but only two of them (A. vejarii and A. guatemalensis) form forests, being those found in Mexican protection categories. The use of free visualization tools and geospatial modeling allowed us to study the relict distribution of these Tamaulipan forests. We recorded ecogeographic factors from three sites in this forest, at the Field Control Points (PCC), which allowed to establish optical characteristics on satellite images of the Google Earth ™ viewer. With the values of altitude, slope and exposure, we obtained a first model (approximation model), using Boolean algebra with the Spatial Analyst module for ArcView 3.2 of ESRI ™, which was superimposed on the images of the visualizer, to adjust it and obtain a model principal. We added other points on the viewer in places where the INEGI records the presence of the forest in Nuevo León. Subsequently, the values for each of the WordlClim variables of the ten points obtained were extracted, establishing ranges that we processed through Boolean algebra; also, a cluster analysis was applied to obtain the bioclimatic similarity between the sites. The potential distribution was also superimposed on Google Earth ™ to repeat the adjustment process of the model and get the real distribution of the Tamaulipan forest. In this way, we obtained a potential area of 165.9 km2, but the actual distribution is only 3.68 km2, which represents less than 1% of the state territory. In the PCCs there are conditions of humidity and temperate temperature throughout the year, which are the product of the exposure and slope of the hillside; there, humidity depends on the altitude at the sites of the Sierra Madre Oriental, and on the proximity to the Gulf of Mexico in the forest of the Sierra de San Carlos. Which is the main differentiation variable between both sites. In addition to these conditions, other factors have allowed the prevalence of forests in Tamaulipas: they are not harvested commercially, mainly to their isolation and difficult access. Some sites of the potential distribution are occupied primarily by pine forests, but a large part of the surface has been affected mainly by fires, which means that there are chaparrals, shrubs, or induced grasslands. Because it is an isolated and relictual ecosystem, formed of species at risk and that also does not have legal protection, it can present significant levels of fragility and vulnerability, especially in the face of changing global climate conditions. Knowing their distribution provides the basis for more in-depth studies and conservation strategies appropriate to these forests. Finally, and despite the limitation of digital cartography in great detail, the geospatial tools and the method used were adequate to model the real distribution of the Abies forest in Tamaulipas, being more appropriate than the use of ecological niche algorithms, mainly due to which they depend on a high number of records.Resumen: En el noreste de México, el género Abies forma bosques considerados relictos, con distribución sólo reconocida por instancias gubernamentales para el estado de Nuevo León. Dentro del estado de Tamaulipas se conocen cuatro especies de Abies que se encuentran enlistadas por IUCN, pero sólo dos de ellas (A. vejarii y A. guatemalensis) forman bosques, siendo las que se encuentran en categorías mexicanas de protección. El uso de herramientas gratuitas de visualización y modelación geoespacial permitió estudiar la distribución relicta de estos bosques tamaulipecos. A través de Puntos de Control en Campo (PCC) se registraron factores ecogeográficos de tres sitios de este bosque, mismos que permitieron establecer características ópticas sobre imágenes de satélite del visualizador Google Earth™. Con los valores de altitud, pendiente y exposición, se obtuvo un primer modelo (de aproximación), usando álgebra booleana con el módulo Spatial Analyst para ArcView 3.2 de ESRI™, que se sobrepuso a las imágenes del visualizador, para ajustarlo y obtener un modelo principal. Este modelo sirvió, a su vez, como auxiliar para encontrar la distribución potencial, ya que primero se buscaron registros de Abies en bases de datos, los cuales se sobrepusieron al modelo principal en Google Earth™, para saber si se encontraban en sitios con características ópticas de bosque similares a los puntos de control; otros puntos fueron agregados sobre el visualizador en lugares donde el INEGI registra la presencia del bosque en Nuevo León. Posteriormente, se obtuvieron los valores para cada una de las variables de WordlClim de los diez puntos obtenidos, estableciendo rangos que fueron procesados a través de álgebra booleana; además, se aplicó un análisis de clústers para obtener la similitud bioclimática entre los sitios. La distribución potencial también fue sobrepuesta en Google Earth™ para repetir el proceso de ajuste del modelo y obtener así la distribución real del bosque de oyamel en Tamaulipas. De esta forma, se obtuvo como resultado una superficie potencial de 165.9 Km2, pero la distribución real es de apenas 3.68 Km2, lo que representa menos del 1% del territorio estatal. En los PCCs se presentan condiciones de humedad y temperatura templada todo el año, que son producto de la exposición e inclinación de la ladera; ahí, la humedad depende de la altitud en los sitios de la Sierra Madre Oriental, y de la cercanía al Golfo de México en el bosque de la Sierra de San Carlos; esta diferencia en la provisión de humedad es la variable de disgregación principal entre ambos sitios. Además de estas condiciones, otros factores han permitido la prevalencia de los bosques en Tamaulipas, principalmente a su aislamiento y acceso difícil, por lo que no son aprovechados comercialmente. Algunos lugares de la distribución potencial se encuentran ocupados principalmente por bosques de pino, pero gran parte de la superficie ha sido afectada principalmente por incendios, por lo que presentan chaparrales, matorrales o pastizales inducidos. Por ser un ecosistema aislado y relictual, formado de especies en riesgo y que además no cuenta con protección oficial, puede presentar niveles significativos de fragilidad y vulnerabilidad, especialmente ante las condiciones cambiantes del clima planetario. Conocer su distribución sienta bases para estudios más profundos y estrategias de conservación adecuadas a estos bosques. Finalmente, y a pesar de la limitación de cartografía digital a gran detalle, las herramientas geoespaciales y el método empleado resultaron adecuados para modelar la distribución real del bosque de Abies en el Tamaulipas, siendo más apropiado que el uso de algoritmos de nicho ecológico, debido principalmente a que estos dependen de un elevado número de registros

Nanostructured thin films obtained from Fischer aminocarbene complexes

The synthesis of four amphiphilic organometallic complexes with the general formula RC = M(CO)5NH(CH2)15CH3, where R is a ferrocenyl 2(a-b) or a phenyl 4(a-b) group as a donor moiety and a Fischer carbene of chromium (0) or tungsten (0) as an acceptor group, are reported. These four push-pull systems formed Langmuir (L) monolayers at the air-water interface, which were characterized by isotherms of surface pressure versus molecular area and compression/expansion cycles (hysteresis curves); Brewster angle microscopic images were also obtained. By using the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) method, molecular monolayers were transferred onto glass substrates forming Z-type multilayers. LB films were characterized through ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. Results indicated that films obtained from 2b complex [(Ferrocenyl)(hexadecylamine)methylidene] pentacarbonyl tungsten (0) are the most stable and homogeneous; due to their properties, these materials may be incorporated into organic electronic devices