1000 Genomes Selection Browser 1.0: A genome browser dedicated to signatures of natural selection in modern humans

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Searching for Darwinian selection in natural populations has been the focus of a multitude of studies over the last decades. Here we present the 1000 Genomes Selection Browser 1.0 (http://hsb.upf.edu) as a resource for signatures of recent natural selection in modern humans. We have implemented and applied a large number of neutrality tests as well as summary statistics informative for the action of selection such as Tajima's D, CLR, Fay and Wu's H, Fu and Li's F* and D*, XPEHH, ΔiHH, iHS, FST, ΔDAF and XPCLR among others to low coverage sequencing data from the 1000 genomes project (Phase 1; release April 2012). We have implemented a publicly available genome-wide browser to communicate the results from three different populations of West African, Northern European and East Asian ancestry (YRI, CEU, CHB). Information is provided in UCSC-style format to facilitate the integration with the rich UCSC browser tracks and an access page is provided with instructions and for convenient visualization. We believe that this expandable resource will facilitate the interpretation of signals of selection on different temporal, geographical and genomic scales. © 2013 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press.Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (Spain); Direcció General de Recerca, Generalitat de Catalunya (Grup de Recerca Consolidat 2009 SGR 1101); Subprogram BMC [BFU2010-19443 awarded to J.B.]; Post-doctoral scholarship from the Volkswagenstiftung [Az: I/85 198 to J.E.]; Spanish government [BFU-2008-01046; SAF2011-29239]; The Spanish government FPI scholarships [BES-2009-017731 and BES-2011-04502 to G.M.D. and M.P., respectively]; PhD fellowship from ‘Acción Estratégica de Salud, en el marco del Plan Nacional de Investigación Científica, Desarrollo e Innovación Tecnológica 2008-2011’ from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (to P.L.). Funding for open access charge: Prof. Jaume Bertranpetit.Peer Reviewe

Copy number variation analysis in the great apes reveals species-specific patterns of structural variation

Gazave, Elodie et al.Copy number variants (CNVs) are increasingly acknowledged as an important source of evolutionary novelties in the human lineage. However, our understanding of their significance is still hindered by the lack of primate CNV data. We performed intraspecific comparative genomic hybridizations to identify loci harboring copy number variants in each of the four great apes: bonobos, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans. For the first time, we could analyze differences in CNV location and frequency in these four species, and compare them with human CNVs and primate segmental duplication (SD) maps. In addition, for bonobo and gorilla, patterns of CNV and nucleotide diversity were studied in the same individuals. We show that CNVs have been subject to different selective pressures in different lineages.Evidence for purifying selection is stronger in gorilla CNVs overlapping genes, while positive selection appears to have driven the fixation of structural variants in the orangutan lineage. In contrast, chimpanzees and bonobos present high levels of common structural polymorphism, which is indicative of relaxed purifying selection together with the higher mutation rates induced by the known burst of segmental duplication in the ancestor of the African apes. Indeed, the impact of the duplication burst is noticeable by the fact that bonobo and chimpanzee share more CNVs with gorilla than expected. Finally, we identified a number of interesting genomic regions that present high-frequency CNVs in all great apes, while containing only very rare or even pathogenic structural variants in humans.Financial support was provided by a Beatriu de Pinos postdoctoral Grant to E.G., the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Grant BFU2009-13409-02-02toA.N.),and the Spanish National Institute for Bioinformatics (INB, www.inab.org).Peer reviewe

Producción de basidiomas de Schizophyllum commune (Fungi: Basidiomycota) en subproductos agrícolas de Tabasco, México

Objective: The in vitro mycelial growth rate of Schizophyllum commune Fr. 1815 strainsfrom Tabasco, Mexico and the production of basidiomas in different regional agriculturalsubstrates was evaluated. Four strains were used: CCG003, CGG009, CCG010 andCGG13, and four substrates: cocoa peel (CP), banana leaves (BL), corn leaves (CL)and as a control, mulatto wood (MW). Based on the speed of growth, two strains andthree substrates were selected to evaluate the basidiomas production in two types ofcontainers: plastic bags and rectangular trays. Productivity was assessed based onBiological Efficiency (BE), Yield (Y) and Production Rate (PR). At 12 days of incubation,the highest mycelial growth rate was recorded in CP by CCG003 and CCG013 strains(51.6±22.1, and 64.4±18.1 mm d -1 ) and in HM and HP by CCG009 and CCG010 strains(86.9±17.8, and 58±7.8 mm d -1 ), compared to the control substrate (from 117.2±7.4 to 2120± 0.0 mm d -1 ). High production was recorded in the CC by the CCG009 strain, grownin bags, with BE of 12.8±2.6%, Y of 4.1 ± 0.8% and PR of 0.7±0.1%. The production ofS. commune was better in the bag than in the tray. This study represents an advance inthe production of basidiomas of this important fungus, as a food alternative for thetropical regions of Mexico.Objetivo: se evaluó la tasa de crecimiento micelial in vitro de cepas de Schizophyllum commune Fr. 1815 de Tabasco, México y la producción de basidiomas en diferentes sustratos agrícolas regionales.Diseño/metodología/aproximación: se utilizaron cuatro cepas: CCG003, CGG009, CCG010 y CGG13, y cuatro sustratos: cáscara de cacao (CC), hojas de plátano (HP), hojas de maíz (HM) y comotestigo se utilizó palo mulato (PM). Con base en la velocidad de crecimiento, se seleccionaron dos cepas y tres sustratos para evaluar la producción de basidiomas en dos tipos de contenedores:bolsas plásticas y bandejas rectangulares. La productividad se evaluó mediante la Eficiencia Biológica (EB), el Rendimiento (R) y la Tasa de Producción (TP).Resultados: a los 12 días de incubación, la mayor velocidad de crecimiento micelial se registró en CC por las cepas CCG003 y CCG013 (51.6±22.1 y 64.4±18.1 mm d-1) y en la HM y HP por las cepasCCG009 y CCG010 (86.9±17.8 y 58±7.8 mm d-1), en comparación con el sustrato testigo (de 117.2±7.4 120±0 mm d-1). La producción más alta se registró en la CC por la cepa CCG009 cultivada en bolsa, conuna EB de 12.8±2.6 %, R de 4.1±0.8 % y TP de 0.7±0.1. La producción de S. commune fue mejor en bolsa que en bandeja.Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: la escasa retención de humedad del sustrato, así como la plasticidad fenética que presenta la especie, impactan significativamente la producción de los basidiomasal inducir morfologías connadas de un tamaño menor.Hallazgos/conclusiones: este estudio representa un avance en la producción de basidiomas de este importante hongo, como una alternativa alimenticia para las regiones tropicales de México

Cabo de Gata: Promontorio de cabo de Gata (Almería)

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Almerimar: Aguadulce a Balanegra (Almería). Serie B: Gestión

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Almería: Desde cabo de Gata a Aguadulce (Almería). Serie C: Modelos y Geomorfología

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San José: Desde Las Negras a Cabo de Gata (Almería). Serie B: Gestión.

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Twenty years of ground-based NDACC FTIR spectrometry at Izaña Observatory - overview and long-term comparison to other techniques

High-resolution Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) solar observations are particularly relevant for climate studies, as they allow atmospheric gaseous composition and multiple climate processes to be monitored in detail. In this context, the present paper provides an overview of 20 years of FTIR measurements taken in the framework of the NDACC (Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change) from 1999 to 2018 at the subtropical Izaña Observatory (IZO, Spain). Firstly, long-term instrumental performance is comprehensively assessed, corroborating the temporal stability and reliable instrumental characterization of the two FTIR spectrometers installed at IZO since 1999. Then, the time series of all trace gases contributing to NDACC at IZO are presented (i.e. C2H6, CH4, ClONO2, CO, HCl, HCN, H2CO, HF, HNO3, N2O, NO2, NO, O3, carbonyl sulfide (OCS), and water vapour isotopologues H162O, H182O, and HD16O), reviewing the major accomplishments drawn from these observations. In order to examine the quality and long-term consistency of the IZO FTIR observations, a comparison of those NDACC products for which other high-quality measurement techniques are available at IZO has been performed (i.e. CH4, CO, H2O, NO2, N2O, and O3). This quality assessment was carried out on different timescales to examine what temporal signals are captured by the FTIR records, and to what extent. After 20 years of operation, the IZO NDACC FTIR observations have been found to be very consistent and reliable over time, demonstrating great potential for climate research. Long-term NDACC FTIR data sets, such as IZO, are indispensable tools for the investigation of atmospheric composition trends, multi-year phenomena, and complex climate feedback processes, as well as for the validation of past and present space-based missions and chemistry climate models.The Izaña FTIR station has been supported by the German Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi) via DLRunder grants 50EE1711A and by the Helmholtz Society via the research program ATMO. In addition, this research was funded by the European Research Council under FP7/(2007-2013)/ERC Grant agreement nº 256961 (project MUSICA), by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft for the project MOTIV (GeschaFTIRzeichen SCHN 1126/2-1), by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad from Spain through the projects CGL2012-37505 (project NOVIA) and CGL2016-80688-P (project INMENSE), and by EUMETSAT under its Fellowship Programme (project VALIASI)

Adra: Desde Balanegra La Mamola (Almería y Granada). Serie A:Descripción.

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Hoja MC055. Almuñecar: Desde Ensenada de Velilla a Lagos (Granada y Málaga) Serie A: Descripción.

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