Autocures en el pacient crònic, el paper de l’equip d’atenció primària: presa de decisions compartida

En els últims anys s’ha avançat significativament en la definició de models de gestió de pacients amb malalties cròniques basats en la innovació per a optimitzar els recursos assistencials actuals i s’ha buscat passar d’un enfocament tradicional, presencial, reactiu, centrat en la curació i en el qual el pacient és un subjecte passiu, a un model de medicina preactiva, centrat en la prevenció i les cures; en aquest sentit, es potencia fomentar que tots els pacients amb malalties cròniques prenguen decisions i participen en les modificacions dels comportaments que afecten la seua salut (autogestió).En los últimos años, se ha avanzado significativamente en la definición de modelos de gestón de pacientes con enfermedades crónicas basados en la innovación para optimizar los recursos asistenciales actuales. Se ha buscado pasar de un enfoque tradicional, presencial, reactivo, centrado en la curación y en el que el paciente es el sujeto pasivo a un modelo de medicina preactiva, centrado en la prevención y en los cuidados. En este sentido, se fomenta que todos los pacientes con enfermedades crónicas tomen decisiones y participen en las modificaciones de los comportamientos que afectan a su salud (autogestión).Pendant les dernières années, les recherches concernant la définition de modèles de gestion des patients atteints de maladies chroniques fondés sur l’innovation en vue d’optimiser les ressources assistentielles actuelles ont avancé de manière significative ; ces recherches ont essayé de remplacer la démarche traditionnelle (présentielle, réactive, centrée sur la gérison, où le patient est un sujet passif) par un modèle de médecine préactive (centré sur la prévention et les gérisons). Dans ce sens, il s’agit de favoriser que tous les patients atteints de maladies croniques prennent des décisions et participent aux modifications des comportements capables d’influencer leur santé (autogestion).In recent years, there have been significant advances in modelling the management of patients with chronic diseases, based on new insights that can help to optimise current healthcare resources. The aim is to switch from a traditional, face-to face, reactive approach that focuses on recovery, in which the patient is the passive recipient of medical care, to a proactive model that focuses on prevention and care. With this in mind, all patients with chronic conditions are encouraged to make their own decisions and contribute to changing the approach to their health (self-management)

Diálogo de Saberes: propuesta para identificar, comprender y abordar temas críticos de la salud de la población

El diálogo de saberes es un método cualitativo que busca comprender, sintetizar, teorizar y contextualizar el conocimiento. El diálogo de saberes permite entender los problemas y necesidades que tiene la población; mediante la reflexión y discusión de los actores, basándose en las palabras de la misma población. Este artículo reflexiona sobre el diálogo de saberes para explicar cómo éste permite identificar de manera más cercana la situación, problemas y necesidades de salud que tiene la población. El artículo también presenta una revisión de experiencias similares, evidenciando la utilidad que tiene el uso de este método. En conclusión, se sugiere que el diálogo de saberes sea un punto de partida para el estudio e intervención de las principales problemáticas de la población, y a su vez integrar el conocimiento médico con los saberes tradicionales que se enmarcan dentro de la Atención Primaria en Salud (APS)

Guías actuales de práctica clínica en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2: ¿cómo aplicarlas en atención primaria?

ResumenLas guías de práctica clínica deben elaborarse con una metodología sistemática basada en la mejor evidencia disponible. La elaboración de las recomendaciones debe comprender la evaluación de la calidad global de la evidencia y la graduación de la fuerza de las recomendaciones. Asimismo, hay documentos de consenso que combinan la revisión de evidencias con la opinión de expertos buscando obtener algún acuerdo en áreas de incertidumbre por ausencia de pruebas concluyentes. El debate que suscitan los nuevos tratamientos propicia la aparición de documentos en los que se recomienden sus usos, aun cuando haya pocos estudios a largo plazo acerca de su eficacia y seguridad.En el ámbito internacional hay guías sobre diabetes metodológicamente muy bien elaboradas (NGC, NICE, SIGN, CAD, ADA), centrándose el debate más reciente en el algoritmo terapéutico, tras la propuesta conjunta de la ADA-EASD. En España, la elaboración de guías de práctica clínica con análisis de la evidencia y graduación de las recomendaciones aún es escasa, si bien se aprecia un esfuerzo en el rigor de las publicadas más recientemente. Más común es la elaboración por sociedades científicas de documentos de consenso, que pretenden combinar la evidencia externa con la experiencia y la reflexión. Asimismo, en nuestro país hay organismos recopiladores (como GuíaSalud o Fisterra) que facilitan el acceso gratuito a guías elaboradas por grupos nacionales.AbstractClinical practice guidelines should be drawn up with systematic methodology based on the best available evidence. Recommendations should be based on evaluation of the overall quality of the evidence and grading of the strength of recommendations. Consensus documents combine a review of the evidence with expert opinion in an attempt to reach some agreement in areas of uncertainty due to the lack of conclusive proof. The debate aroused by new treatments stimulates the production of documents advocating their use even when there are few long-term studies on their safety and efficacy.There are several methodologically rigorous international guidelines on diabetes (NGC, NICE, SIGN, CAD, ADA). The most recent debate has centered on the ADA-EASD treatment algorithm. In Spain, the production of clinical practice guidelines with analysis of the evidence and grading of recommendations remains scarce, although the most recent published guidelines show greater rigor. More common is the drafting of consensus documents by scientific societies with the aim of combining external evidence with experience and reflection. In Spain there are also organisms (such as GuíaSalud or Fisterra) that facilitate free access to guidelines drawn up by Spanish groups

Characterizing diagnostic inertia in arterial hypertension with a gender perspective in primary care

Background and Objectives: Substantial evidence shows that diagnostic inertia leads to failure to achieve screening and diagnosis objectives for arterial hypertension (AHT). In addition, different studies suggest that the results may differ between men and women. This study aimed to evaluate the differences in diagnostic inertia in women and men attending public primary care centers, to identify potential gender biases in the clinical management of AHT. Study Design/Materials and methods: Cross-sectional descriptive and analytical estimates were obtained nested on an epidemiological ambispective cohort study of patients aged ≥30 years who attended public primary care centers in a Spanish region in the period 2008-2012, belonging to the ESCARVAL-RISK cohort. We applied a consistent operational definition of diagnostic inertia to a registry- reflected population group of 44,221 patients with diagnosed hypertension or meeting the criteria for diagnosis (51.2% women), with a mean age of 63.4 years (62.4 years in men and 64.4 years in women). Results: Of the total population, 95.5% had a diagnosis of hypertension registered in their electronic health record. Another 1,968 patients met the inclusion criteria for diagnostic inertia of hypertension, representing 4.5% of the total population (5% of men and 3.9% of women). The factors significantly associated with inertia were younger age, normal body mass index, elevated total cholesterol, coexistence of diabetes and dyslipidemia, and treatment with oral antidiabetic drugs. Lower inertia was associated with age over 50 years, higher body mass index, normal total cholesterol, no diabetes or dyslipidemia, and treatment with lipid-lowering, antiplatelet, and anticoagulant drugs. The only gender difference in the association of factors with diagnostic inertia was found in waist circumference. Conclusion: In the ESCARVAL-RISK study population presenting registered AHT or meeting the functional dia

A cardiovascular educational intervention for primary care professionals in Spain: positive impact in a quasi-experimental study

Background Routine general practice data collection can help identify patients at risk of cardiovascular disease. Aim To determine whether a training programme for primary care professionals improves the recording of cardiovascular disease risk factors in electronic health records. Design and setting A quasi-experimental study without random assignment of professionals. This was an educational intervention study, consisting of an online-classroom 1-year training programme, and carried out in the Valencian community in Spain. Method The prevalence rates of recording of cardiovascular factors (recorded every 6 months over a 4-year period) were compared between intervention and control group. Clinical relevance was calculated by absolute risk reduction (ARR), relative risk reduction (RRR), and number of patients needed-to-attend (NNA), to avoid under-recording, with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Linear regression models were used for each of the variables. Results Of the 941 professionals initially registered, 78.1% completed the programme. The ARR ranged from 1.87% (95% CI = 1.79 to 1.94) in the diagnosis of diabetes to 15.27% (95% CI = 15.14 to 15.40) in the recording of basal blood glucose. The NNA ranged from 7 in blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood glucose recording to 54 in the diagnosis of diabetes. The RRR ranged from 26.7% in the diagnosis of diabetes to 177.1% in the recording of the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE). The rates of change were greater in the intervention group and the differences were significant for recording of cholesterol (P<0.001), basal blood glucose (P<0.001), smoking (P<0.001), alcohol (P<0.001), microalbuminuria (P = 0.001), abdominal circumference (P<0.001), and SCORE (P<0.001). Conclusion The education programme had a beneficial effect at the end of the follow-up that was significant and clinically relevant.We are grateful to Conselleria de Sanidad for allowing access to the ABUCASIS system and Antonio Fernandez who provided technical support during the study period

Opinions and perceptions of patients with cardiovascular disease on adherence: a qualitative study of focus groups

Background Cardiovascular diseases are becoming more frequent throughout the world. Adherence to both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment, as well as lifestyles, is important for good management and control of the disease. This study aims to explore the opinions and perceptions of patients with ischemic heart disease on the difculties associated with therapeutic adherence. Methods An interpretive phenomenological study was carried out using focus groups and one semi-structured interview. The MAXQDA qualitative data analysis program was used for inductive interpretation of the group discourses and interview. Data were coded, and these were grouped by categories and then consolidated under the main themes identifed. Results Two in-person focus groups and one remote semi-structured interview were performed. Twelve participants (6 men and 6 women) from the Hospital de San Juan de Alicante participated, two of them being family companions. The main themes identifed were aspects related to the individual, heart disease, drug treatment, and the perception of the health care system. Conclusions Adhering to recommendations on healthy behaviors and taking prescribed medications for cardiovascular disease was important for most participants. However, they sometimes found polypharmacy difcult to manage, especially when they did not perceive the symptoms of their disease. Participants related the concept of fear to therapeutic adherence, believing that the latter increased with the former. The relationship with health professionals was described as optimal, but, nevertheless, the coordination of the health care system was seen as limited.This study was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) and Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII)/European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), (RICAPPS: RD21/0016/0024). The authors acknowledge support from the Health Research Projects—Strategic Action in Health (Reference: PI20/01304) of the SpanishFondo de Investigación Sanitaria—Instituto de Salud Carlos III, co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund/European Social Fund: A way to make Europe/Investing in Your Future

El estudio PROPRESE: resultados de un nuevo modelo organizativo en atención primaria para pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica crónica basado en una intervención multifactorial

ResumenObjetivoComparando los resultados obtenidos en los estudios EUROASPIRE I y EUROASPIRE III en pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica se muestra que el grado de control de los factores de riesgo mayores es mejorable. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la eficacia de una intervención multifactorial orientada a la mejora del grado de control en estos pacientes en el ámbito de la atención primaria.MétodosEn este estudio de intervención aleatorizado, con 1 año de seguimiento, se reclutó a pacientes con diagnóstico de cardiopatía isquémica (145 en el grupo de intervención y 1.461 en el grupo control). Se aplicó una intervención organizativa mixta basada en la mejora de la relación profesional sanitario-paciente (de acuerdo a los modelos del Chronic Care, el Stanford Expert Patient Programme y el Kaiser Permanente) y en la formación profesional continuada. Los principales resultados fueron el efecto sobre el tabaquismo, el colesterol unido a lipoproteínas de baja densidad (cLDL), la presión arterial sistólica (PAS) y la presión arterial diastólica (PAD) a través de un análisis multivariable.ResultadosLas características de los pacientes fueron: edad (68,4±11,8 años), varones (71,6%), diabetes mellitus (51,3%), dislipemia (68,5%), hipertensión arterial (76,7%), no fumadores (76,1%); cLDL < 100mg/dl (46,9%); PAS < 140mmHg (64,5%); PAD < 90 (91,2%). El análisis multivariable mostró que el riesgo para el buen control en el grupo de intervención fue tabaquismo, riesgo relativo ajustado (RRa): 15,7 (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%], 4,2–58,7); p < 0,001; cLDL, RRa: 2,98 (IC95%, 1,48–6,02); p < 0,002; PAS, RRa: 1.97 (IC95%, 1,21–3,23); p < 0,007, y PAD; RRa: 1,51 (IC95%, 0,65–3,50); p < 0,342.ConclusionesUna intervención multifactorial basada en el modelo de paciente crónico centrada en atención primaria y que facilite la toma de decisiones compartidas con los pacientes y la formación de los profesionales mejora el grado de control de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular (tabaquismo, cLDL y PAS). Las estrategias de mejora en la atención de la cronicidad pueden ser una herramienta eficaz para conseguir mejores resultados.AbstractObjectiveComparison of the results from the EUROASPIRE I to the EUROASPIRE III, in patients with coronary heart disease, shows that the prevalence of uncontrolled risk factors remains high. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a new multifactorial intervention in order to improve health care for chronic coronary heart disease patients in primary care.MethodsIn this randomized clinical trial with a 1-year follow-up period, we recruited patients with a diagnosis of coronary heart disease (145 for the intervention group and 1461 for the control group). An organizational intervention on the patient-professional relationship (centered on the Chronic Care Model, the Stanford Expert Patient Programme and the Kaiser Permanente model) and formative strategy for professionals were carried out. The main outcomes were smoking control, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). A multivariate analysis was performed.ResultsThe characteristics of patients were: age (68.4±11.8 years), male (71.6%), having diabetes mellitus (51.3%), dyslipidemia (68.5%), arterial hypertension (76.7%), non-smokers (76.1%); LDL-C < 100mg/dL (46.9%); SBP < 140mmHg (64.5%); DBP < 90 (91.2%). The multivariable analysis showed the risk of good control for intervention group to be: smoking, adjusted relative risk (aRR): 15.70 (95% confidence interval [95%CI], 4.2–58.7); P < .001; LDL-C, aRR: 2.98 (95%CI, 1.48–6.02); P < .002; SPB, aRR: 1.97 (95%CI, 1.21–3.23); P < .007, and DBP: aRR: 1.51 (95%CI, 0.65–3.50); P < .342.ConclusionsAn intervention based on models for chronic patients focused in primary care and involving patients in medical decision making improves cardiovascular risk factors control (smoking, LDL-C and SBP). Chronic care strategies may be an efficacy tool to help clinicians to involve the patients with a diagnosis of CHD to reach better outcomes