A new Method to Constrain the Iron Abundance from Cooling Delays in Coronal Loops

Recent observations with TRACE reveal that the time delay between the appearance of a cooling loop in different EUV temperature filters is proportional to the loop length, dt_12 ~ L. We model this cooling delay in terms of radiative loss and confirm this linear relationship theoretically. We derive an expression that can be used to constrain the coronal iron enhancement alpha_Fe=A_Fe^cor/A_Fe^Ph relative to the photospheric value as function of the cooling delay dt_12, flux F_2, loop width w, and filling factor q_w < 1. With this relation we find upper limits on the iron abundance enhancement of alpha_Fe < 4.8+/-1.7 for 10 small-scale nanoflare loops, and alpha_Fe < 1.4+/-0.4 for 5 large-scale loops, in the temperature range of T~1.0-1.4 MK. This result supports the previous finding that low-FIP elements, including Fe, are enhanced in the corona. The same relation constitutes also a lower limit for the filling factor, which is q_w > 0.2+/-0.1 and q_w > 0.8+/-0.2 for the two groups of coronal loops.Comment: 2 Figure

STRUKTUR KOMUNITAS MANGROVE DI PESISIR DESA TATENGESAN, KECAMATAN POSOMAEN, KABUPATEN MINAHASA TENGGARA

The purpose of this study was to examine the structure of the mangrove community on the coast of Tatengesan, Posomaen District, Southeast Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi. The data collection of the mangrove community structure used the line transect quadratic method measuring 10 m x 10 m 5 times. The research implementation period is 6 (six) months in 2021, starting from the preparation of proposals, data analysis, examination of research results, and the implementation of thesis examinations. Based on the results of the study, found 3 types of mangroves, namely: Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. The value of the highest species relative density was found on transect 2 with a value of 88.33% by R. mucronata. For the value of the highest relative frequency of species on transects 1,2 and 3 by R. mucronata, namely 8.3 cm/m. The highest relative species cover was R. mucronata with a value of 76.99% on transect 2. The highest important value index was found in R. mucronata, which was 220.88 on transect 2. The highest diversity index was found on transect 3 with a value of 0.85. The highest evenness index was found on transect 1 with a value of 0.99. For further research, it is necessary to conduct an inventory of mangrove species using the roaming method to find out all the species in the research location.Keywords: Mangrove, Tatengesan, Community, Diversity and Evennes

Struktur Komunitas Moluska Di Vegetasi Mangrove Desa Kulu, Kecamatan Wori, Kabupaten Minahasa Utara

Di daerah mangrove terdapat biota akuatik yang hidup berasosiasi dengan mangrove antara lain moluska, krustasea dan ikan. Moluska sangat banyak ditemukan pada daerah mangrove di Indonesia. Jenis-jenis moluska ini ada yang menempati akar dan ada juga yang mendiami batang mangrove antara lain famili Littorinidae dan yang menempati daerah lumpur di dasar akar antara lain famili Ellobiidae dan Pottamidae. Tujuan dari pernelitian ini yaitu untuk mengidenifikasi moluska yang berasosiasi dengan vegetasi mangrove; mendeskripsikan struktur komunitas melalui analisa nilai indeks keanekaragaman, kekayaan jenis, kepadatan, frekuensi, dominasi dan indeks nilai penting. Metode yang digunakan yakni, metode kuadran, dengan cara meletakan lima buah kuadran 1 x 1 meter pada masing-masing stasiun. Terdapat 11 spesies dari 8 famili yaitu, Littoraria scabra, Nerita planospira, Chicoreus capucinus, Nerita undata, Chrithidea cingulata, Terebralia sulcata, Telecopiun telescopium, Polymesoda expansa, Isognomon ephippium, Saccostrea cucculata, Anomalocardia squamosa. Nilai indeks keanekaragaman yaitu 2,060, nilai indeks kekayaan yakni 2,387, kepadatan 0,660 ind/m², frekuensi kemunculan bervariasi antara 0,067-0,667, nilai indeks dominasi yakni 0,152 dan indeks nilai penting tertinggi yakni Littoraria scabra 75,67 dan terendah terdapat 3 spesies yakni Polymesoda expansa, Saccostrea cucculata dan Anomalocardia squamosa dengan nilai indeks 3,54

Struktur Komunitas Karang Dan Biota Asosiasi Pada Kawasan Terumbu Karang Di Perairan Desa Minanga Kecamatan Malalayang II Dan Desa Mokupa Kecamatan Tombariri

Tujuan studi yaitu untuk mengetahui struktur komunitas biota karang dan biota asosiasi di kawasan terumbu karang. Data tutupan karang diperoleh dengan menggunakan metode LIT (Line Intercept Transect) sedangkan untuk biota asosiasi diperoleh dengan menggunakan kuadran. Penelitian dilakukan pada dua lokasi yaitu di Desa Minanga Kecamatan Malalayang II dan Desa Mokupa Kecamatan Tombariri Provinsi Sulawesi Utara. Hasil yang diperoleh pada dua lokasi menunjukkan persentase tutupan karang yang sangat rendah. Biota pada Desa Minanga dan Desa Mokupa memiliki keanekaragaman sedang. Untuk kesamaan komunitas Ascidian dan Alga ditemukan sama, sedangkan Spons, Ekinodermata, Moluska serta Ikan berbeda pada kedua lokasi. Nilai Frekuensi biota pada Desa Minanga memiliki nilai tertinggi yaitu Ascidian yang terendah yaitu Krustasea dan Alga sedangkan nilai frekuensi pada Desa Mokupa memiliki nilai tertinggi yaitu Ascidian dan yang terendah yaitu Polikaeta dan Alga. Kepadatan Ascidian, Spons dan Moluska memiliki nilai tertinggi, sedangkan nilai terendah yaitu Ekinodermata, Krustasea dan Alga di Desa Minanga, sedangkan kepadatan Moluska memiliki nilai tertinggi sedangkan Ascidian, Spons, Alga dan Polikaeta memiliki nilai terendah di Desa Mokupa

Study on Public Facilities Zone Development Strategy AsTourism Support in Manado Bay

Empat kelurahan yang masuk dalam wilayah administrasi Kecamatan Tuminting yaitu: Sindulang Satu, Sindulang Dua, Bitung Karangria, dan Maasing berdasarkan Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Sulawesi Utara Nomor 1 Tahun 2017 tentang Rencana Zonasi Wilayah Pesisir dan Pulau-pulau Kecil (RZWP-3-K) Prov. Sulut Tahun 2017-2037, akan dimanfaatkan sebagai lokasi pembangunan infrastruktur penunjang pariwisata. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menentukan faktor-faktor kunci keberhasilan sebagai strategi prioritas untuk pembangunan zona fasilitas umum penunjang pariwisata di Teluk Manado, dengan memperhatikan aspek lingkungan, aspek ekonomi dan aspek sosial. Penelitian dilakukan dari bulan September 2018 sampai Maret 2019. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik wawancara secara mendalam (in depth interview) kepada 15 key persons dipilih berdasarkan pentahelix. Metode analisis data untuk menentukan strategi alternatif dengan menggunakan SWOT dan Strategic Analysis and Choice (SAC). Hasil penelitian menunjukan ada enam strategi prioritas yaitu: (1) melakukan sinkronisasi peraturan Perundang-undangan bidang penataan ruang daerah pesisir, (2) melakukan sinkronisasi peraturan penataan ruang daerah pesisir dengan dokumen perencanaan pembangunan daerah, (3) melakukan sosialisasi kepada masyarakat pesisir, (4) meningkatan kesejahteraan melalui pemberdayaan nelayan kecil, (5) meningkatkan 3A (atraksi, aksesibilitas, dan amenitas) sebagai penunjang pariwisata untuk meningkatkan kunjungan wisatawan, (6) peningkatan kualitas sumber daya manusia

Circular nutrient solutions for agriculture and wastewater : a review of technologies and practices

This paper summarizes key findings from a series of systematic reviews and comprehensive efforts to collate evidence and expert opinions on circular solutions for recovery and reuse of nutrients and carbon from different waste streams in the agriculture and wastewater sectors. We identify established and emerging approaches for transformation towards a more circular nutrient economy with relevance to SDGs 6 and 14. The paper cites the example of the Baltic Sea Region which has experienced decades of fertilizer overuse (1950s–1990s) and concomitant urban sources of excessive nutrients. Regulations and incentive policies combining the nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon cycles are necessary if circular nutrient technologies and practices are to be scaled up. Pricing chemical fertilizer at levels to reflect society’s call for circularity is a central challenge. Highlights • Development of a circular nutrient economy in the EU is reviewed. • The socio-economic value of organic waste products from agriculture & municipalities needs to increase. • Opportunities are found in the new EU Circular Economy Package & Fertilizing Products Regulations. • Further implementation is possible with the Common Agriculture Policy (nutrient management tool) and Waste Framework Directive for recycling. • The Baltic Sea Region case is explored being sensitive to eutrophication with ongoing international efforts to introduce nutrient circularity

Smartphones as digital companions: characterizing the relationship between users and their phones

Based on the idea of computers constituting social agents and referring to core characteristics of human-human relationships, this study introduces the concept of a digital companionship between smartphone users and their devices. Constituting characteristics (closeness, trust, preoccupation) and outcomes (stress, coping with stress) of social relationships were adapted to yield a model of human-smartphone relationships for empirical testing. A cross-national sample of participants (n = 1156) completed an online study which included self-report measures as well as a newly developed instrument (Positioning Others and Devices; POD) assessing the closeness to technical devices and social actors. Results showed the smartphone to be the closest device. Further, structural equation modelling lent support for the theoretical model indicating that trust and preoccupation mediate the relationship between closeness to the smartphone and stress and coping. Findings support the concept of companionship as a fruitful approach to explain smartphone-related behaviors