A study of diabetic ketoacidosis in the pregnant population in the United Kingdom: Investigating the incidence, aetiology, management and outcomes

© 2021 The Authors. Published by Wiley. This is an open access article available under a Creative Commons licence. The published version can be accessed at the following link on the publisher’s website: https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.14743Aim To estimate the incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) among pregnant women, describe its clinical features, management and outcomes and identify the risk factors for the condition. Methods A national population-based case–control study was conducted in the UK using the UK Obstetric Surveillance System between April 2019 and September 2020 including all pregnant women with DKA irrespective of the level of blood glucose. The incidence rate of DKA in pregnancy was estimated. A case–control analysis limited to women with type 1 diabetes was performed comparing characteristics of women with DKA (cases) to those of women whose pregnancies were not complicated by DKA (controls). Results In all, 82 women were identified with DKA in pregnancy; 6.3 per 100,000 maternities (95% CI: 5.0–7.9). No maternal deaths occurred, but perinatal mortality was 12/73 (16%) with 11 stillbirths and one neonatal death. DKA episodes mostly occurred in women with type 1 diabetes (85%) and in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy (71%). Episodes were mainly precipitated by infection (21%), vomiting (21%), steroid therapy (13%) and medication errors (10%). Fifteen percent of women had more than one episode of DKA during their pregnancy. Risk factors associated with DKA among women with type 1 diabetes identified through the case–control analysis were the woman and/or partner not being in a paid employment and having at least one microvascular complication of diabetes before pregnancy. Conclusion DKA in pregnancy was associated with high perinatal mortality and was linked with factors related to socio-economic deprivation, mental health problems and long-term difficulties with glycaemic control.National Institute for Health Research. Grant Number: PB-PG-0817–20004Published versio

Management and outcomes of women with low fibrinogen concentration during pregnancy or immediately postpartum: A UK national population‐based cohort study

Introduction: Pregnant women with a fibrinogen level <2 g/L represent a high‐risk group that is associated with severe postpartum hemorrhage and other complications. Women who would qualify for fibrinogen therapy are not yet identified. Material and methods: A population‐based cross‐sectional study was conducted using the UK Obstetric Surveillance System between November 2017 and October 2018 in any UK hospital with a consultant‐led maternity unit. Any woman pregnant or immediately postpartum with a fibrinogen <2 g/L was included. Our aims were to determine the incidence of fibrinogen <2 g/L in pregnancy, and to describe its causes, management and outcomes. Results: Over the study period 124 women with fibrinogen <2 g/L were identified (1.7 per 10 000 maternities; 95% confidence interval 1.4–2.0 per 10 000 maternities). Less than 5% of cases of low fibrinogen were due to preexisting inherited dysfibrinogenemia or hypofibrinogenemia. Sixty percent of cases were due to postpartum hemorrhage caused by placental abruption, atony, or trauma. Amniotic fluid embolism and placental causes other than abruption (previa, accreta, retention) were associated with the highest estimated blood loss (median 4400 mL) and lowest levels of fibrinogen. Mortality was high with two maternal deaths due to massive postpartum hemorrhage, 27 stillbirths, and two neonatal deaths. Conclusions: Fibrinogen <2 g/L often, but not exclusively, affected women with postpartum hemorrhage due to placental abruption, atony, or trauma. Other more rare and catastrophic obstetrical events such as amniotic fluid embolism and placenta accreta also led to low levels of fibrinogen. Maternal and perinatal mortality was extremely high in our cohort

Antenatal care and neonatal consequences in extremely preterm children in France

Les taux de survie des enfants nés entre 22 et 26 semaines d’aménorrhée (SA), appelés extrêmes prématurés, sont plus faibles en France qu’en Angleterre, en Suède aux États-Unis ou au Japon. Ces différences de survie pourraient être liées à des différences de pratiques autour de la naissance et en particulier à des différences de pratiques anténatales. En cas de naissances prématurées les obstétriciens, premiers interlocuteurs des femmes, peuvent décider d’instaurer ou non des mesures anténatales pour améliorer le pronostic des enfants à naître : corticothérapie, césarienne d’indication fœtale ou sulfate de magnésium à visée neuroprotectrice. Le rôle des équipes obstétricales pourrait ainsi être déterminant pour le pronostic des extrêmes prématurés et les raisons qui incitent les obstétriciens, en accord avec les parents, à initier ou non une prise en charge active anténatale sont mal connues. L’âge gestationnel est un facteur décisionnel bien connu sans qu’il n’y ait d’âge gestationnel seuil consensuel de prise en charge active en France. Mais il se pourrait aussi que les prises en charge varient selon les centres voire même selon les praticiens ou encore selon d’autres facteurs individuels liés aux femmes ou à leur grossesse. L’objectif de notre travail était dans un premier temps d’identifier, pour les naissances extrêmement prématurées en France, les déterminants individuels ou organisationnels associés à une prise en charge active anténatale. Dans certaines circonstances, volontaires ou non, les extrêmes prématurés naissent sans avoir bénéficié d’une prise en charge active anténatale. La plupart des nouveau-nés décèdent alors à la naissance mais certains d’entre eux sont néanmoins admis en réanimation néonatale. Le devenir de ces enfants, qui posent des difficultés médicales et éthiques, est mal connu. Étudier leur devenir néonatal était le deuxième objectif de ce travail. Les données de la cohorte EPIPAGE 2 ont été utilisées pour répondre à ces deux questions. Nous avons montré que les pratiques anténatales en cas de naissances extrêmes prématurées variaient de manière importante selon les régions avec des taux régionaux de prise en charge active anténatale allant de 22% (IC95% 0.05-0.38) à 61% (IC95% 0.44-0.78). Une prise en charge active anténatale était aussi plus fréquente pour les naissances à 25 et 26 SA que pour les naissances à 24 SA. Même après ajustement sur les caractéristiques individuelles et organisationnelles, les taux de prise en charge active variaient selon les établissements (p=0.03). Nous avons également souligné que les enfants admis en réanimation sans avoir pu bénéficier d’une prise en charge active anténatale ont un risque augmenté de morbi-mortalité néonatale par rapport aux enfants qui en ont bénéficié (Odds Ratio (OR) brut de 2.60, (IC95% 1.44-4.66 et OR ajusté de 1.86, (IC95% 1.09-3.20)). Les différences de pratiques anténatales entre les maternités de naissance, soulève la problématique de l’équité de la prise en charge ce d’autant que ces pratiques ont un impact sur le devenir immédiat de l’enfant. Ces résultats ont conduit certaines équipes françaises à réévaluer les processus de décisions autour de ces naissances afin d’harmoniser les pratiques. Au décours de ces réflexions, les sociétés savantes françaises proposent un guide d’aide à la décision pour la prise en charge des naissances extrêmes prématurées qui s’appuie sur une cohérence des soins prodigués avant, pendant et après la naissance.Survival rates of extremely preterm neonates, infants born between 22 and 26 Weeks of Gestation (WG), are lower in France than in England, Sweden, the United States or Japan. This may be related to differences in the management of extreme preterm births and in particular to differences in antenatal practices. In the case of preterm births, obstetricians are the first to meet the mothers-to-be. They decide whether or not to implement antenatal measures to improve outcomes of these unborn children: corticosteroids, caesarean sections or magnesium sulphate for neuroprotective purposes. The provision of optimal antenatal care is key to the management and survival of extremely preterm births and obstetrical teams thus play a major role. Factors associated with active antenatal care have never been studied. The first objective of our work was to identify, for extreme preterm births in France, individual or organisational determinants associated with active antenatal care. Gestational age is a well-known decision-making factor, but care could also depend on individual factors related to women or their pregnancy, practitioners or maternity units. Some extremely preterm neonates are born without having received active antenatal care. For newborns who have not received such treatment, the risk of peripartum and delivery room death is high. However some extremely preterm neonates for whom active antenatal was either voluntarily withheld or not provided because of insufficient time are resuscitated and admitted to a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Neonatal outcomes for these children raise medical and ethical difficulties and are poorly known. Our second objective was to study neonatal outcomes of extremely preterm neonates admitted to NICU without prior active antenatal care. Data from the EPIPAGE 2 cohort were used to answer these questions. We have shown that antenatal management for extreme preterm births varies widely between regions with regional active antenatal care rates ranging from 22% (95% CI 0.05-0.38) to 61% (95% CI 0.44-0.78). Active antenatal care was more frequent for births occurring at 25 and 26 WG than for births occurring at 24 WG. Even after adjusting for individual and organisational characteristics, active antenatal care rates varied by maternity unit of birth (p = 0.03). We also underlined that children admitted to NICU without having received active antenatal care have an increased risk of neonatal morbidity and mortality compared to children who have (crude OR of 2.60, (95% CI 1.44-4.66), adjusted OR of 1.86, (95% CI 1.09-3.20)). Differences in antenatal management between maternity units raise the issue of equality of care, especially since these practices have an impact on neonatal outcomes. These findings have led French teams to reassess the decision-making process around extreme preterm births and to the elaboration of guidelines for the management of extreme preterm births

Dépistage de la pré-éclampsie par les dosages du PIGF et du sFlt-1 et par le doppler des artères utérines, au premier trimestre de grossesse chez les patientes à risque

TOURS-BU Médecine (372612103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Réponse de Gilles Grangé et al. à la correspondance de Jerémy Boujenah à propos du Rapport d’experts et recommandations CNGOF-SFT sur la prise en charge du tabagisme en cours de grossesse – texte court. Gynecol Obstet Fertil Senol [2020] ; [7,8] : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gofs.2020.04.005

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Mechanical cervicAl ripeninG for Women with PrOlongedPregnancies (MAGPOP): Protocol for a Randomised Controlled Trial of a Silicone Double Balloon Catheter versus the Propess System for the Slow Release of Dinoprostone for Cervical Ripening of Prolonged Pregnancies

International audienceINTRODUCTION: Induction of labour for prolonged pregnancies (PP) when the cervix is unfavourable is a challenging situation. Cervical ripening by pharmacological or mechanical techniques before oxytocin administration is used to increase the likelihood of vaginal delivery. Both techniques are equally effective in achieving vaginal delivery but excessive uterine activity, which induces fetal heart rate (FHR) anomalies, is more frequent after the pharmacological intervention. We hypothesised that mechanical cervical ripening could reduce the caesarean rate for non-reassuring FHR especially in PP where fetuses are already susceptible to this. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A multicentre, superiority, open-label, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial that aims to compare cervical ripening with a mechanical device (Cervical Ripening Balloon, Cook-Medical Europe, Ireland) inserted in standardised manner for 24\,hours to pharmacological cervical ripening (Propess system for slow release system of 10\,mg of dinoprostone, Ferring SAS, France) before oxytocin administration. Women (n=1220) will be randomised in a 1:1 ratio in 15 French units. Participants will be women with a singleton pregnancy, a vertex presentation, a term ≥q41+0\,and≤q42+0\,week's gestation, and for whom induction of labour is planned. Women with a Bishop score ≥q6, a prior caesarean delivery, premature rupture of membranes or with any contraindication for vaginal delivery will be excluded. The primary endpoint is the caesarean rate for non-reassuring FHR. Secondary outcomes are related to delivery and perinatal morbidity. As study investigators and patients cannot be masked to treatment assignment, to compensate for the absence of blinding, an independent endpoint adjudication committee, blinded to group allocation, will determine whether the caesarean for non-reassuring FHR was justified. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Written informed consent will be obtained from all participants. The Tours Research ethics committee has approved this study (2016-R23, 29 November 2016). Study findings will be submitted for publication and presented at relevant conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02907060; pre-results

Amnioinfusion for women with a singleton breech presentation and a previous failed external cephalic version: a randomized controlled trial.

International audienceAmnioinfusion before a second attempt to external version does not significantly increase the rate of cephalic presentation at delivery

Perinatal outcomes of intrahepatic cholestasis during pregnancy: An 8-year case-control study.

INTRODUCTION:Previous studies of fetal effects have suggested that intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy is associated with a higher rate of adverse neonatal outcomes including preterm birth, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, neonatal intensive care unit admission, and stillbirth. The objective was to compare the neonatal and maternal consequences in pregnancies affected by intrahepatic cholestasis and normal pregnancies. MATERIAL AND METHODS:This case-control study compares pregnancies affected by intrahepatic cholestasis (pruritus and bile acid ≥ 10 μmol/L) with low-risk pregnancies managed between December 2006 and December 2014 at a French university hospital center. RESULTS:There were 83 (59.3%) cases of mild cholestasis (10≤ BA ≤39 μmol/L), 46 (32.8%) of moderate cholestasis (40≤ BA ≤99 μmol/L), and 11 (7.9%) of severe cholestasis (BA ≥100 μmol/L). No in utero fetal deaths occurred in the 140 women with cholestasis or the 560 controls analyzed. The rate of respiratory distress syndrome was higher in neonates of women with intrahepatic cholestasis (17.1% vs. 4.6%, P<0.001; crude OR 4.46 (CI95% 2.49-8.03)). This risk was also significant after adjustment for gestational age at birth and mode of delivery, adjusted OR 2.56 (CI95%1.26-5.18). The postpartum hemorrhage rate was twice as high among the case mothers (25% versus 14.1% for controls, P = 0.002). CONCLUSION:After adjustment on the confounding factors we found a higher rate of respiratory distress syndrome and neonatal morbidity among neonates of the cholestasis group

Impact of antenatal corticosteroids on head circumference of full‐term newborns: A French multicenter cohort study

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