Concordance study between conventional cytology and flow cytometry for identifying neoplastic infiltration of the cerebrospinal fluid in patients with acute leukemia

Introducción: la leucemia aguda es el cáncer más frecuente en la infancia. Las manifestaciones clínicas son sistémicas y la infiltración al sistema nervioso central es infrecuente e impacta su tratamiento y pronóstico. Se han implementado diferentes técnicas como citometría de flujo (CMF) y citometría covencional (CC) para mejorar la eficiencia en el diagnóstico de blastos en el líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR). Métodos: estudio retrospectivo de concordancia entre la CMF y CC para determinar la presencia de blastos en el LCR en pacientes pediátricos con diagnóstico de leucemia aguda. Resultados: se analizaron 111 muestras de 34 pacientes, de los cuales solo 6 eran de bajo riesgo (17,6 %). De las 111 muestras, solo en 37 se reportaron empleando CC y CMF. La concordancia entre las dos técnicas fue satisfactoria cuando las dos pruebas eran negativas kappa (0,80 a 0,96). Conclusiones: el diagnóstico de infiltración al sistema nervioso central se debe optimizar, y en la actualidad contamos con dos técnicas de características operativas diferentes. A pesar de que la CMF se reporta como un método más sensible, tiene mayores costos y con el trabajo solo se demuestra buena concordancia con la CC cuando es negativa; por lo anterior, se requieren más estudios para determinar si se debe cambiar a la citología que en la actualidad es el patrón de referencia.Artículo original163-170Introduction: Acute leukemia is the most com-mon childhood cancer. The clinical manifes-tations are systemic and infiltration to central nervous system is uncommon and impact on the treatment and prognosis. It has been implemen-ted different techniques as CMF and CC, in order to improve efficiency in diagnosing CSF blasts. Methods: Retrospective study of agreement bet-ween the CPM and CC to determine the presence of blasts in the CSF in pediatric patients with a diagnosis of acute leukemia. Results: 111 sam-ples from 34 patients, of whom only 6 were low risk (17.6%) were analyzed. Of the 111 samples found, only 37 concurrent CC and CPM report. The agreement between the 2 techniques was satisfactory when the 2 tests were negative ka-ppa (0.80 to 0.96). Conclusions: The diagnosis of CNS infiltration should be optimized; and to-day we have 2 techniques of different operating characteristics. Although the CPM is reported as a more sensitive method has higher costs and work only good agreement was shown by the CC when it is negative, the above further studies are needed to determine whether should switch to the cytology is currently the gold standard

Neuromarketing In Traditional Ecuadorian Gastronomy and Its Influence on The Millennial Generation

This article addresses the topic of neuromarketing applied in the context of traditional Ecuadorian gastronomy, with a specific focus on its impact on the Millennial generation. The objective of the work was to analyze the effect of neuromarketing on the preference and choice of traditional Ecuadorian foods by this generation. The research was carried out in Ecuador and included a sample of 250 consumers. The results show that neuromarketing significantly influences Millennials' decision to choose traditional Ecuadorian food. In addition, this research is relevant for marketing and gastronomy professionals as well as for those interested in delving into this exciting field of neuromarketing applied to Ecuadorian gastronomy