Lack of association between the Serotonin Transporter Promoter Polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and Panic Disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The aim of this study is to assess the association between the Serotonin Transporter Promoter Polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and Panic Disorder (PD).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies with unrelated individuals of any ethnic origin examining the role of the 5-HTTLPR in PD according to standard diagnostic criteria (DSM or ICD). Articles published in any language between January 1996 and April 2007 were eligible. The electronic databases searched included PubMed, PsychInfo, Lilacs and ISI. Two separate analyses were performed: an analysis by alleles and a stratified analysis separating studies by the quality of control groups. Asymptotic DerSimonian and Laird's Q test were used to assess heterogeneity. Results of individual studies were combined using the fixed effect model with respective 95% confidence intervals.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Nineteen potential articles were identified, and 10 studies were included in this meta-analysis. No statistically significant association between 5-HTTLPR and PD was found, OR = 0.91 (CI95% 0.80 to 1.03, p = 0.14). Three sub-analyses divided by ethnicity, control group quality and Agoraphobia comorbidity also failed to find any significant association. No evidence of heterogeneity was found between studies in the analyses.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Results from this systematic review do not provide evidence to support an association between 5-HTTLPR and PD. However, more studies are needed in different ethnic populations in order to evaluate a possible minor effect.</p

Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy Techniques in Panic Disorder Patients with Residual Symptoms: 2-Year Follow-Up

Objetivo: Avaliar a utilização das técnicas aprendidas durante a terapia cognitivo-comportamental em grupo (TCCG) para pacientes com transtorno de pânico (TP) que apresentam sintomas residuais em até 2 anos após o término do tratamento. Méto-dos: Um total de 64 pacientes completou o protocolo de 12 sessões de TCCG, e 62 (97%) foram encontrados para avaliação 2 anos após o término da terapia. As medidas de desfecho foram avaliadas pelos seguintes instrumentos: Impressão Global Clínica (CGI), Inventário de Pânico e Escala Hamilton para Ansiedade. O uso das técnicas foi avaliado através de entrevista semi-estruturada nas avaliações de seguimento, sendo classificadas em: (a) respiração diafragmática; (b) relaxamento muscular; (c) técnica cognitiva; e (d) exposição. Resultados: Considerando os 62 pacientes avaliados no seguimento, 39 (63%) preencheram o critério de remissão (CGI ? 2 e ausência de ataques de pânico) no primeiro ano e 35 (57%) no segundo ano de seguimento. A despeito dos critérios de remissão, um número grande de pacientes (87%) continuava a utilizar as técnicas aprendidas durante a terapia 1 a 2 anos após o término do protocolo. A técnica mais utilizada em ambos os períodos de seguimento foi a respiração diafragmática. Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem que a TCCG é eficaz para pacientes com sintomas residuais de TP. O uso das técnicas aprendidas durante as 12 sessões foi evidenciado em até 2 anos após o término do tratamento, sugerindo benefícios em longo prazo das habilidades desenvolvidas na TCCG.Objective: To evaluate the techniques learned by patients with panic disorder (PD) and residual symptoms after cognitive-behavioral group therapy (CBGT) up to a 2-year follow-up. Methods: Sixty-four PD patients were treated with a 12-session CBGT and 62 (97%) were followed for 2 years after the end of the treatment. Outcomes were evaluated by Clinical Global Impression (CGI), Panic Inventory, and Hamilton Anxiety Scale. The tools used by patients were assessed through a semi-structured interview and classified as follows: (a) diaphragmatic breathing, (b) muscle relaxation; (c) cognitive technique; and (d) exposure. Results: Of the 62 patients assessed at the follow-up, 39 (63%) met the remission criteria (CGI ? 2 and no panic attacks) in the first year and 35 (57%) in the second year of follow-up. Despite meeting the remission criteria, 87% of patients kept using the tools learned in CBGT up to 2 years after the treatment. Diaphragmatic breathing was the most used technique in both periods. Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that CBGT is efficacious for patients with residual symptoms of PD. The techniques learned during the 12 therapy sessions are used by the patients up to 2 years after the treatment, suggesting long-term benefits of the skills learned at CBGT protocols

Improving skin picking diagnosis among Brazilians : validation of the Skin Picking Impact Scale and development of a photographic instrument

Background Skin picking disorder is a prevalent disorder frequently comorbid with depression and anxiety, which is underdiagnosed mainly by dermatologists. Assessment of skin picking disorder is based on instruments influenced by the awareness about skin picking disorder and comorbid symptoms. To date, there is no validated instrument for Brazilian individuals nor an instrument to evaluate the severity of skin lesions in an objective way. Objectives Validate the Skin Picking Impact Scale for Brazilian Portuguese and create a photographic measurement to assess skin lesions. Methods The sample was assessed through the Skin Picking Impact Scale translated into Brazilian Portuguese, the Hamilton Anxiety Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Clinical Global Impression Scale. The patients’ skin lesions were photographed. Photos were evaluated regarding active excoriation, crust/bleeding, exulceration, and linear lesions. Results There were 63 patients included. The Skin Picking Impact Scale translated into Brazilian Portuguese had good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.88), which tests of goodness-of-fit, showing a suitable model. The reliability of photographic measurement was 0.66, with a high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.87). Photographic measurement was not correlated with the Skin Picking Impact Scale, the Clinical Global Impression Scale, or comorbid symptoms. Study limitations Lack of a previously validated instrument to evaluate dermatillomania in the Brazilian population for comparison. Conclusion The Skin Picking Impact Scale validated in Brazilian Portuguese is a good instrument to evaluate skin picking disorder. Photographic measurement is a consistent way of assessing skin lesions, but it does not reflect the impact of skin picking disorder on the individual's life

Skin picking treatment with the Rothbaum cognitive behavioral therapy protocol : a randomized clinical trial

Introduction: Although behavioral therapies can effectively treat skin picking disorder (SPD), there is no standardized treatment for improving SPD and its comorbidities and there is no group intervention option. This trial aimed to adapt the Rothbaum trichotillomania protocol to SPD (Study 1) and test its efficacy for treating SPD and comorbidities in individual and group formats (Study 2). Methods: The adapted protocol was applied to 16 SPD patients, who were allocated to group or individual treatment (Study 1). Afterwards, 54 patients were randomly allocated to treatment in an individual (n=27) or group format (n=27) (Study 2). In both studies, assessments of SPD severity, anxiety, depression, clinical status and skin lesion severity were performed at baseline and the endpoint. Results: The adapted protocol was feasible in both treatment modalities (Study 1) and led to high SPD remission rates (individual 63%; group 52%), with no significant difference between intervention types (p = 0.4) (Study 2). SPD, anxiety, and depression symptoms and objective patient lesion measures improved after treatment. There was large effect size for SPD symptom improvement in both treatment types (Cohen’s d: group = 0.88; individual = 1.15) (Study 2). Conclusion: The adapted Rothbaum protocol was effective for SPD remission, comorbidities, and skin lesions, both in individual and group formats

Comorbidity of psychiatric and dermatologic disorders with skin picking disorder and validation of the Skin Picking Scale Revised for Brazilian Portuguese

Objective: Skin picking disorder (SPD) affects up to 5.4% of the population. Less than half of patients are correctly diagnosed and treated. Developing tools to recognize SPD can help professionals and patients alike. This trial aimed to validate the Skin Picking Scale-Revised (SPS-R) for the Brazilian population and assess the psychiatric and dermatological comorbidities of patients with SPD. Methods: Brazilians with a primary diagnosis of SPD, 18 years or older, were recruited from a community sample by media advertising and evaluated by a dermatologist and a psychiatrist. Selfreport instruments were used: SPS-R, Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to evaluate the SPS-R, and Pearson correlation (r) was used to assess the relationship between instruments. Results: Overall, 124 patients were included. The SPS-R demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach’s coefficient = 0.84). CFA found a good fit to the model according to all indices (w2 = 29.67; degrees of freedom [df] = 19; p = 0.056; root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.067; comparative fit index [CFI] = 0.969; non-normed fit index [NNFI] = 0.954). SPS-R correlated with DLQI (r = 0.73), GAD-7 (r = 0.51), and PHQ-9 (r = 0.43). The sample had a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders, mainly generalized anxiety disorder (62.1%) and current (32.3%) and past (37.1%) depressive episodes. Conclusion: The Brazilian version of the SPS-R presents good psychometric properties. The severity of SPD is related to severity of depression, anxiety, and impairment in quality of life. Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT0473138