Method and apparatus for contour mapping using synthetic aperture radar

By using two SAR antennas spaced a known distance, B, and oriented at substantially the same look angle to illuminate the same target area, pixel data from the two antennas may be compared in phase to determine a difference delta phi from which a slant angle theta is determined for each pixel point from an equation Delta phi = (2 pi B/lambda)sin(theta - alpha), where lambda is the radar wavelength and alpha is the roll angle of the aircraft. The height, h, of each pixel point from the aircraft is determined from the equation h = R cos theta, and from the known altitude, a, of the aircraft above sea level, the altitude (elevation), a', of each point is determined from the difference a - h. This elevation data may be displayed with the SAR image by, for example, quantizing the elevation at increments of 100 feet starting at sea level, and color coding pixels of the same quantized elevation. The distance, d, of each pixel from the ground track of the aircraft used for the display may be determined more accurately from the equation d = R sin theta

Stable Determination of the Electromagnetic Coefficients by Boundary Measurements

The goal of this paper is to prove a stable determination of the coefficients for the time-harmonic Maxwell equations, in a Lipschitz domain, by boundary measurements

Tropical Dominating Sets in Vertex-Coloured Graphs

Given a vertex-coloured graph, a dominating set is said to be tropical if every colour of the graph appears at least once in the set. Here, we study minimum tropical dominating sets from structural and algorithmic points of view. First, we prove that the tropical dominating set problem is NP-complete even when restricted to a simple path. Then, we establish upper bounds related to various parameters of the graph such as minimum degree and number of edges. We also give upper bounds for random graphs. Last, we give approximability and inapproximability results for general and restricted classes of graphs, and establish a FPT algorithm for interval graphs.Comment: 19 pages, 4 figure

Photo-desorption of H2O:CO:NH3 circumstellar ice analogs: Gas-phase enrichment

We study the photo-desorption occurring in H$_2$O:CO:NH$_3$ ice mixtures irradiated with monochromatic (550 and 900 eV) and broad band (250--1250 eV) soft X-rays generated at the National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (Hsinchu, Taiwan). We detect many masses photo-desorbing, from atomic hydrogen (m/z = 1) to complex species with m/z = 69 (e.g., C$_3$H$_3$NO, C$_4$H$_5$O, C$_4$H$_7$N), supporting the enrichment of the gas phase. At low number of absorbed photons, substrate-mediated exciton-promoted desorption dominates the photo-desorption yield inducing the release of weakly bound (to the surface of the ice) species; as the number of weakly bound species declines, the photo-desorption yield decrease about one order of magnitude, until porosity effects, reducing the surface/volume ratio, produce a further drop of the yield. We derive an upper limit to the CO photo-desorption yield, that in our experiments varies from 1.4 to 0.007 molecule photon$^{-1}$ in the range $\sim 10^{15} - 10^{20}$~absorbed photons cm$^{-2}$. We apply these findings to a protoplanetary disk model irradiated by a central T~Tauri star

Surface effects on the radiation response of nanoporous Au foams

We report on an experimental and simulation campaign aimed at exploring the radiation response of nanoporous Au(np-Au) foams. We find different defect accumulation behavior by varying radiation dose-rate in ion-irradiated np-Au foams. Stacking fault tetrahedra are formed when np-Au foams are irradiated at high dose-rate, but they do not seem to be formed in np-Au at low dose-rate irradiation. A model is proposed to explain the dose-rate dependent defect accumulation based on these results.Fil: Fu, E. G.. Los Alamos National High Magnetic Field Laboratory; Estados UnidosFil: Caro, M.. Los Alamos National High Magnetic Field Laboratory; Estados UnidosFil: Zepeda Ruiz, L. A.. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Physical and Life Sciences Directorate; Estados UnidosFil: Wang, Y. Q.. Los Alamos National High Magnetic Field Laboratory; Estados UnidosFil: Baldwin, K.. Los Alamos National High Magnetic Field Laboratory; Estados UnidosFil: Bringa, Eduardo Marcial. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Nastasi, M.. University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Nebraska Center for Energy Sciences Research; Estados UnidosFil: Caro, A.. Los Alamos National High Magnetic Field Laboratory; Estados Unido

Nature-Inspired Interconnects for Self-Assembled Large-Scale Network-on-Chip Designs

Future nano-scale electronics built up from an Avogadro number of components needs efficient, highly scalable, and robust means of communication in order to be competitive with traditional silicon approaches. In recent years, the Networks-on-Chip (NoC) paradigm emerged as a promising solution to interconnect challenges in silicon-based electronics. Current NoC architectures are either highly regular or fully customized, both of which represent implausible assumptions for emerging bottom-up self-assembled molecular electronics that are generally assumed to have a high degree of irregularity and imperfection. Here, we pragmatically and experimentally investigate important design trade-offs and properties of an irregular, abstract, yet physically plausible 3D small-world interconnect fabric that is inspired by modern network-on-chip paradigms. We vary the framework's key parameters, such as the connectivity, the number of switch nodes, the distribution of long- versus short-range connections, and measure the network's relevant communication characteristics. We further explore the robustness against link failures and the ability and efficiency to solve a simple toy problem, the synchronization task. The results confirm that (1) computation in irregular assemblies is a promising and disruptive computing paradigm for self-assembled nano-scale electronics and (2) that 3D small-world interconnect fabrics with a power-law decaying distribution of shortcut lengths are physically plausible and have major advantages over local 2D and 3D regular topologies

Stopping power beyond the adiabatic approximation

Energetic ions traveling in solids deposit energy in a variety of ways, being nuclear and electronic stopping the two avenues in which dissipation is usually treated. This separation between electrons and ions relies on the adiabatic approximation in which ions interact via forces derived from the instantaneous electronic ground state. In a more detailed view, in which non-adiabatic effects are explicitly considered, electronic excitations alter the atomic bonding, which translates into changes in the interatomic forces. In this work, we use time dependent density functional theory and forces derived from the equations of Ehrenfest dynamics that depend instantaneously on the time-dependent electronic density. With them we analyze how the inter-ionic forces are affected by electronic excitations in a model of a Ni projectile interacting with a Ni target, a metallic system with strong electronic stopping and shallow core level states. We find that the electronic excitations induce substantial modifications to the inter-ionic forces, which translate into nuclear stopping power well above the adiabatic prediction. In particular, we observe that most of the alteration of the adiabatic potential in early times comes from the ionization of the core levels of the target ions, not readily screened by the valence electrons.Work performed by M.C., A.A.C., and A.C. was supported as part of the Energy Dissipation to Defect Evolution Center (EDDE), an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences (Award Number 2014ORNL1026). E.A. acknowledges financial support from European Commission through the Electron Stopping grant within the Marie Curie CIG program. This research used resources provided by the LANL Institutional Computing Program. LANL, an affirmative action/equal opportunity employer, is operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the US DOE under contract DE-AC52-06NA25396. Work by A.A.C. performed under the auspices of the US Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DEAC52-07NA27344, and acknowledges computing support from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Institutional Computing Grand Challenge program. A.C. acknowledges hospitality and financial support from Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain, and CIC nanoGUNE, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain