1,963 research outputs found
Ultraviolet Absorption and Luminescence Investigations
Ultraviolet photographic system for remote detection of luminescent minerals and rocks and discriminating among nonluminescent materials on basis of ultraviolet absorptio
Continuum description of finite-size particles advected by external flows. The effect of collisions
The equation of the density field of an assembly of macroscopic particles
advected by a hydrodynamic flow is derived from the microscopic description of
the system. This equation allows to recognize the role and the relative
importance of the different microscopic processes implicit in the model: the
driving of the external flow, the inertia of the particles, and the collisions
among them.
The validity of the density description is confirmed by comparisons of
numerical studies of the continuum equation with Direct Simulation Monte Carlo
(DSMC) simulations of hard disks advected by a chaotic flow. We show that the
collisions have two competing roles: a dispersing-like effect and a clustering
effect (even for elastic collisions). An unexpected feature is also observed in
the system: the presence of collisions can reverse the effect of inertia, so
that grains with lower inertia are more clusterized.Comment: Final (strongly modified) version accepted in PRE; 6 pages, 3 figure
Development and Application of Acousto-Optic Background Correction for Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry
In two con gurations, a solid-state acousto-optic (AO) de ector or
modulator is mounted in a 0.5 m monochromator for background
correction with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry
(ICP-AES). A fused silica acousto-optic modulator (AOM)
is used in the ultraviolet (UV) spectral region applications while a
glass AO de ector (AOD) is used for the visible (VIS) region. The
system provides rapid sequential observation of adjacent on- and
off-line wavelengths for background correction. Seventeen elements
are examined using pneumatic nebulization (PN) and electrothermal
vaporization (ETV) sample introduction. Calibration plots were
obtained with each sample introduction technique. Potable water
and vitamin tablets were analyzed. Flame atomic absorption (FAA)
was used to verify the accuracy of the AO background correction
system
Pipeline column separation flow regimes
A generalized set of pipeline column separation equations is presented describing all conventional types of low-pressure regions. These include water hammer zones, distributed vaporous cavitation, vapor cavities, and shocks (that eliminate distributed vaporous cavitation zones). Numerical methods for solving these equations are then considered, leading to a review of three numerical models of column separation. These include the discrete vapor cavity model, the discrete gas cavity model, and the generalized interface vaporous cavitation model. The generalized interface vaporous cavitation model enables direct tracking of actual column separation phenomena (e.g., discrete cavities, vaporous cavitation zones), and consequently, better insight into the transient event. Numerical results from the three column separation models are compared with results of measurements for a number of flow regimes initiated by a rapid closure of a downstream valve in a sloping pipeline laboratory apparatus. Finally, conclusions are drawn about the accuracy of the modeling approaches. A new classification of column separation (active or passive) is proposed based on whether the maximum pressure in a pipeline following column separation results in a short-duration pressure pulse that exceeds the magnitude of the Joukowsky pressure rise for rapid valve closure.Anton Bergant and Angus R. Simpso
First record of \u3ci\u3eOrsilochides scurrilis\u3c/i\u3e (Stål) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Scutelleridae: Pachycorinae) in the United States, with notes on the biology and distribution of U.S. species of \u3ci\u3eOrsilochides\u3c/i\u3e Kirkaldy
Orsilochides scurrilis (Stål) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Scutelleridae) is reported from the United States for the first time based on a specimen collected in Santa Cruz County, Arizona. A key to separate the U.S. species of Orsilochides Kirkaldy is provided. In addition, host plant records and distribution of the other two species of Orsilochides that occur in the U.S., Orsilochides guttata (Herrich-Schäffer) and Orsilochides stictica (Dallas), are analyzed through a combination of digital photo records and museum specimens
Determination of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients by Heteroatom Selective Detection Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry with Ultrasonic Nebuilization and Membrane Desolvation Sample Introduction
The combination of ultrasonic nebulization with membrane desolvation
(USN-MD) is utilized to determine active pharmaceutical ingredients
(API) by heteroatom inductively coupled mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS)
detection. Ultrasonic nebulization provides efficient sampling while use of
the membrane desolvator acts to reduce solvent-based interferences. This
approach reduces interferences sufficiently so that a standard argon ICPquadrupole
MS can be utilized. Examined APIs and associated
heteroatoms included: phosphomycin (P), amoxicillin (S), chlorpropamide
(Cl), and ofloxacin (F). The optimum plasma r.f. powers for P, S, and Cl
were in the 1000 to 1200 watts range. The high ionization energy of F
required that the plasma be operated at 1500W. The 16O2
þ interference at
mass 32 precluded determinations using the sulfur-32. The sulfur-34
(4.2% natural isotopic abundance), however, was relatively free of
isobaric interferences. Interferences were relatively small at the mass 35
isotope of Cl, but increased with higher ICP r.f. powers. Overlaps were
significant at the masses of monoisotopic species, fluorine-19 and
phosphorus-31. Detection limits for P, S, Cl, and F of 2, 3, 90, and 3000
ng/mL, respectively, were generally lower than those produced with other
quadrupole systems and comparable to or better than values published
utilizing high-resolution instruments
Fractionation effects in phase equilibria of polydisperse hard sphere colloids
The equilibrium phase behaviour of hard spheres with size polydispersity is
studied theoretically. We solve numerically the exact phase equilibrium
equations that result from accurate free energy expressions for the fluid and
solid phases, while accounting fully for size fractionation between coexisting
phases. Fluids up to the largest polydispersities that we can study (around
14%) can phase separate by splitting off a solid with a much narrower size
distribution. This shows that experimentally observed terminal polydispersities
above which phase separation no longer occurs must be due to non-equilibrium
effects. We find no evidence of re-entrant melting; instead, sufficiently
compressed solids phase separate into two or more solid phases. Under
appropriate conditions, coexistence of multiple solids with a fluid phase is
also predicted. The solids have smaller polydispersities than the parent phase
as expected, while the reverse is true for the fluid phase, which contains
predominantly smaller particles but also residual amounts of the larger ones.
The properties of the coexisting phases are studied in detail; mean diameter,
polydispersity and volume fraction of the phases all reveal marked
fractionation. We also propose a method for constructing quantities that
optimally distinguish between the coexisting phases, using Principal Component
Analysis in the space of density distributions. We conclude by comparing our
predictions to perturbative theories for near-monodisperse systems and to Monte
Carlo simulations at imposed chemical potential distribution, and find
excellent agreement.Comment: 21 pages, 23 figures, 2 table
A recurrent neural network with ever changing synapses
A recurrent neural network with noisy input is studied analytically, on the
basis of a Discrete Time Master Equation. The latter is derived from a
biologically realizable learning rule for the weights of the connections. In a
numerical study it is found that the fixed points of the dynamics of the net
are time dependent, implying that the representation in the brain of a fixed
piece of information (e.g., a word to be recognized) is not fixed in time.Comment: 17 pages, LaTeX, 4 figure
Derivation of Hebb's rule
On the basis of the general form for the energy needed to adapt the
connection strengths of a network in which learning takes place, a local
learning rule is found for the changes of the weights. This biologically
realizable learning rule turns out to comply with Hebb's neuro-physiological
postulate, but is not of the form of any of the learning rules proposed in the
literature.
It is shown that, if a finite set of the same patterns is presented over and
over again to the network, the weights of the synapses converge to finite
values.
Furthermore, it is proved that the final values found in this biologically
realizable limit are the same as those found via a mathematical approach to the
problem of finding the weights of a partially connected neural network that can
store a collection of patterns. The mathematical solution is obtained via a
modified version of the so-called method of the pseudo-inverse, and has the
inverse of a reduced correlation matrix, rather than the usual correlation
matrix, as its basic ingredient. Thus, a biological network might realize the
final results of the mathematician by the energetically economic rule for the
adaption of the synapses found in this article.Comment: 29 pages, LaTeX, 3 figure
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