Notícies històriques sobre la vinya i la varietat trepat a la Conca de Barberà

Intent d'aproximació al coneixement de la varietat vinícola trepat des d'una perspectiva històrica i filològica. L'estudi fa un repàs a la història del cultiu de la vinya i el vi a la Conca de Barberà i mostra que l'especificitat del conreu del trepat a la comarca s'ha de relacionar amb la política d'empelt de varietats autòctones duta a terme després de la fil·loxera. També fa un repàs de les definicions d'aquest ampelònim als diversos diccionaris de la llengua catalana.Intento de aproximación al conocimiento de la variedad vinícola trepat desde una perspectiva histórica y filológica. El estudio hace un repaso a la historia del cultivo de la vid y del vino en la Conca de Barberà y muestra que la especificidad del cultivo de trepat en la comarca se ha de relacionar con la política de injertos de variedades autóctonas llevada a cabo después de la filoxera. También se hace un repaso de las definiciones de este ampelónimo en los diversos diccionarios de la lengua catalana

Pesticide prioritization approaches and limitations in environmental monitoring studies: From Europe to Latin America and the Caribbean

Assessment and management of issues related to pesticide residues, such as environmental fate, monitoring and toxicity, are complex and, in many cases, require costly studies. The early establishment of a priority list of pesticides that should be monitored and assigned to a restricted-use policy is an important issue of post-registration Risk Assessment (RA). Various pesticide registration approaches have been adopted by different countries with those from Europe and the USA being the most popular, constituting the major prototypes for registration approaches in other countries. Adoption of pesticide registration and monitoring systems developed in Europe or USA by Latin American and Caribbean countries may underestimate factors affecting the environmental fate and toxicity of pesticides in their own countries. Incentive for this short review was the activities undertaken during the three KNOWPEC workshops held in Costa Rica, Argentina and Bolivia where European pesticide experts met Latin American experience in the form of Costa Rica's exceptional environmental conditions and ecology, Argentina's and Uruguay's soyisation and Bolivia's contrasting climate and agricultural zones. During the parallel activities of the workshop - including scientific presentations, field trips, interviews and meetings among European partners and pesticide stakeholders in Latin America, - the whole pesticide chain (import-export, trade, application, plant protection-efficacy, residues, monitoring, remediation and risk) was studied and clarified. Recently-published chemical prioritization studies were reviewed to consider their use as a tool to support risk assessments. Differences in regional practices are highlighted as regards to the establishment of RA or prioritization strategy in European and Latin American regimes. General guidance of establishing a cost-effective pesticide monitoring scheme in water bodies of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is also proposed. Moreover, we summarize the most important factors that should be taken into consideration for prioritization approaches and categorization used in pesticide environmental monitoring studies. Consideration of current RA approaches and limitations, and pesticide prioritization exercises highlighted in this Commentary could assist in the management of pesticides in Latin America and Caribbean

Priority pesticides abatement by advanced water technologies: the case of acetamiprid removal by ozonation

With the aim of exploring treatment alternatives for priority insecticide acetamiprid (ACMP) abatement, the removal of this compound from water by ozonation was studied for the first time, paying special attention to the kinetic, mechanistic and toxicological aspects of the process. The second order rate constants of reactions between ACMP and both molecular ozone (O3) and hydroxyl radicals (OH·) were determined to be 0.25 M-1s-1 and 2.1·109 M-1s-1, respectively. On the basis of kinetic results, the degradation of ACMP during ozonation could be well-explained by the reactivity of this pesticide with OH·. HPLC/MS analysis of the ozonated ACMP showed ACMP-N-desmethyl, 6-chloronicotinic acid, N'cyano-N-methyl acetamidine and N'-cyano acetamidine as the major transformation products (TPs), all of them formed through amine α carbon oxidation in combination with hydrolysis. Microtox bioassays revealed an increase in the toxicity of the medium during ACMP ozonation process, followed by a decrease to relatively low values. These changes could be attributed to the synergistic effects between TPs as well as to the presence of toxic intermediate aldehydes. Even though adopting strategies to further promote ozone decomposition to hydroxyl radicals appears to be essential, ozonation can be an effective treatment process for complete ACMP removal and associated toxicity abatement

Continuous versus single H2O2 addition in peroxone process: performance improvement and modelling in wastewater effluents

The extension of ozonation up to ozone (O3) doses beyond immediate ozone demand (IOD) completion combined with continuous addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was studied as potential strategy of treatment aimed to the effective abatement of ozone-resistant micropollutants (MPs) from wastewater effluents. Through experiments involving the continuous addition of H2O2 in a semi-continuous ozone contactor, it was demonstrated that this new approach could lead to a 36% reduction of the overall O3 needs for a constant H2O2/O3 molar ratio of 0.25 compared with single ozonation, representing a 28% reduction in the energy consumption. This improvement, however, was mainly attributed to H2O2 addition during the secondary ozonation stage, where the direct ozone demand becomes less important. The ¿OH-exposure per consumed ozone (ROHO3) calculation demonstrated that larger H2O2/O3 ratios (0.5-1) lead to a little improvement on oxidation performance during the IOD stage, whereas relationships of 0.25 work markedly better during the secondary stage of the process. Moreover, continuous versus total initial addition of H2O2 were compared and the first one showed better performance, with differences in estimated energy costs up to 21%. Finally, and since monitoring the fate of O3-recalcitrant MPs during the process is essential, two different strategies for the real-time control of the O3-recalcitrant MPs fate during the process were tested, one based on the ROHO3 concept and the other on continuous measurements of ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UVA254). They both showed accurate predictions (R2 > 0.96) for different compounds, effluents and processes

Exploring ozonation as treatment alternative for methiocarb and formed transformation products abatement

Despite the high toxicity and resistance to conventional water treatments exhibited by methiocarb (MC), there are no reports regarding the degradation of this priority pesticide by means of alternative purification technologies. In this work, the removal of MC by means of ozonation was studied for the first time, employing a multi-reactor methodology and neutral pH conditions. The second-order rate constants of MC reaction with molecular ozone (O3) and formed hydroxyl radicals (OH·) were determined to be 1.7·106 and 8.2·109 M−1 s−1, respectively. During degradation experiments, direct ozone reaction was observed to effectively remove MC, but not its formed intermediates, whereas OH· could oxidize all species. The major identified TPs were methiocarb sulfoxide (MCX), methiocarb sulfoxide phenol (MCXP) and methiocarb sulfone phenol (MCNP), all of them formed through MC oxidation by O3 or OH· in combination with hydrolysis. A toxicity assessment evidenced a strong dependence on MCX concentration, even at very low values. Despite the OH· capability to degrade MC and its main metabolites, the relative resistance of TPs towards ozone attack enlarged the oxidant dosage (2.5 mg O3/mg DOC) necessary to achieve a relatively low toxicity of the medium. Even though ozonation could be a suitable technique for MC removal from water compartments, strategies aimed to further promote the indirect contribution of hydroxyl radicals during this process should be explored

Abatement of ozone-recalcitrant micropollutants during municipal wastewater ozonation: kinetic modelling and surrogate-based control strategies

Although ozonation is nowadays recognized as one of the most efficient technologies for micropollutants abatement in municipal wastewater effluents, several of the compounds potentially present in those waters exhibit a strong resistance to direct ozone oxidation. In addition, the real-time control of the removal process is still challenging. In this work, the abatement of ozone-recalcitrant micropollutants during wastewater ozonation of six different wastewater effluents was explored using the pesticide acetamiprid as hydroxyl radical (¿OH) probe. By means of this data, the oxidation efficiency (i.e., hydroxyl radical exposure per consumed ozone) could be described by means of a two-stage model based on the ROHO3 concept. This was possible using a semi-continuous bubbling ozone contactor in all experiments, which permitted the inclusion of the ozone mass balance in the model. ROHO3 values of (1.53-7.60)·10-7 s for initial ozonation stage and (0.61-2.95)·10-6 s for the secondary stage were obtained allowing the characterization and comparison of the process performance in a wide range of effluent qualities, including water matrices with a high content of dissolved and particulate organic matter (total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and turbidity tested ranges: 6.7-50 mg C L-1, 6.6-27.6 mg C L-1 and 0.3-28.6 NTU, respectively). Finally, a surrogate strategy involving ¿OH exposure estimation by means of ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UVA254) measurements was proposed based on the ROHO3 concept, and by means of its application the removal of atrazine and ibuprofen in six different wastewaters could be rightly predicted (R2 > 0.98)

Priority pesticide dichlorvos removal from water by ozonation process: reactivity, transformation products and associated toxicity

The treatability of waters contaminated with priority pesticide dichlorvos (DDVP) by means of ozonation has been assessed for the first time. In order to do so, reaction kinetics, transformation mechanisms and associated toxicity have been inspected in detail. Second-order rate constants of DDVP reactions with O3 and OH· were determined to be 590 and 2.2·109 M-1s-1, respectively. These values partly explained the degradation profiles obtained during experiments with and without the presence of an OH· scavenger, in which the significant contribution of the indirect degradative route in the removal of DDVP was revealed. LC-MS analyses for ozonated samples allowed the elucidation of desmethyl dichlorvos (d-DDVP), dichloroacetic acid (DCA) and dimethyl phosphate (DMP) as main transformation products (TPs), being the latter a common intermediate of both O3 and OH·-mediated oxidations. Three possible degradation routes were proposed for OH· degradation, whereas the direct oxidation by O3 was only well-explained by the addition of this oxidant to the double bond of DDVP dichlorovinyl moiety. Microtox® bioassays revealed the inability of molecular ozone to reduce the toxicity of the medium and pointed out the importance of OH· contribution in the degradation process. In general, ozonation could be a suitable treatment alternative for DDVP, formed TPs and associated toxicity abatement

Characterization and fate of EfOM during ozonation applied for effective abatement of recalcitrant micropollutants

Alterations occurring in the effluent organic matter (EfOM) during ozonation could be detrimental depending on the final application of the treated effluent. In this work, the fate of EfOM in different ozonized wastewaters was assessed through the monitoring of general water quality parameters and organic fractions determined through size-exclusion chromatography combined with organic carbon detection (SEC-OCD) analysis. These different components of EfOM were distinguished based on relative molecular weights and assigned to fractions named as biopolymers, humic substances, building blocks and low molecular weight neutrals and acids. The significant abatement (60-90%) of an ozone-refractory micropollutant (MP) was employed as reference to simulate potential scenarios in which also the presence of these species is wanted to be attenuated. Ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UVA254) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reductions ranged from 40 to 80% and from 10 to 45%, respectively, for ozone doses between 0.6 and 1.0 mM, depending on the organic matter content (both dissolved and suspended) and alkalinity of the effluents. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) analysis showed 21-27% reductions in Membrane bioreactor (MBR) effluents, whereas for conventional activated sludge (CAS) samples this value increased (6-35%) during the oxidative treatment. This was attributed to the continuous solubilization of humic substances, according to SEC-OCD results. Moreover, accumulation of lower molecular weight fractions such as building blocks or acids was observed in all the tested effluents, and attributed to the breakdown of largest EfOM fractions, mainly humic substances. Relationships proposed in this work between humic substances evolution, water quality (UVA254) and process parameters (immediate ozone demand (IOD), IOD-normalized hydroxyl radical exposure (∫[¿OH]dt/IOD) and transferred ozone dose (TOD)) might be useful for EfOM variations estimations along ozonation

Characterization and Control Strategies of an Integrated Chemical-Biological System for the Remediation of Toxic Pollutants in Wastewater: A case of study

In a previous work, a hybrid system consisting of an advanced oxidation process (AOP) named Photo-Fenton (Ph-F) and a fixed bed biological treatment operating as a sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) was started-up and optimized to treat 200 mg·L-1 of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) as a model compound. In this work, studies of reactor stability and control as well as microbial population determination by molecular biology techniques were carried out to further characterize and control the biological reactor. Results revealed that the integrated system was flexible and even able to overcome toxic shock loads. Oxygen uptake rate (OUR) in situ was shown to be a valid tool to control the SBBR operation, to detect toxic conditions to the biomass, and to assess the recovery of performance. A microbial characterization by 16S rDNA sequence analysis reveals that the biological population was varied, although about 30% of the bacteria belonged to the Wautersia genus

Green approach for micropollutants removal: Study of constructed wetlands as pretreatment of solar photo-Fenton catalyzed by organic fertilizers

This study proposes a combination of vertical-flow constructed wetlands and solar photo-Fenton catalyzed by Fe-EDTA/DTPA as a greener approach to enhance micropollutant removal from simulated polluted water. In this research, two planted microcosms, one featuring Cyperus haspan and the other Phragmites australis, were examined for their effectiveness in eliminating 5 different micropollutants over varying retention times (2, 4, 7, and 14 days). The goal was to identify the most suitable conditions for an integrated treatment approach. The findings revealed that in all cases the hybrid system provided better removals than the individual treatments, above all for the more recalcitrant compounds. Notably, the combined use of C. haspan and 2 days retention time in the CW, followed by photo-Fenton applying 5 mg L−1 of iron, 50 mg L−1 of H2O2 and 20 min of irradiation achieved total removal of the micropollutants. In contrast, using only the photo-Fenton process, it needed 60 min to remove just 60% of acetamiprid, which is the most resilient of the studied substances. Constructed wetlands, however, required a longer period of contact, up to 14 days, to completely eliminate this pharmaceutical. Ultimately, this hybrid system offers a practical and adaptable solution to meet regulatory limits, tailored to the intended use or destination of the effluent. It combines cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and sustainability