Multidrug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis treatment regimens and patient outcomes: an individual patient data meta-analysis of 9,153 patients.

Treatment of multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is lengthy, toxic, expensive, and has generally poor outcomes. We undertook an individual patient data meta-analysis to assess the impact on outcomes of the type, number, and duration of drugs used to treat MDR-TB

The National Early Warning Score and its subcomponents recorded within ±24 hours of emergency medical admission are poor predictors of hospital-acquired acute kidney injury

YesBackground: Hospital-acquired Acute Kidney Injury (H-AKI) is a common cause of avoidable morbidity and mortality. Aim: To determine if the patients’ vital signs data as defined by a National Early Warning Score (NEWS), can predict H-AKI following emergency admission to hospital. Methods: Analyses of emergency admissions to York hospital over 24-months with NEWS data. We report the area under the curve (AUC) for logistic regression models that used the index NEWS (model A0), plus age and sex (A1), plus subcomponents of NEWS (A2) and two-way interactions (A3). Likewise for maximum NEWS (models B0,B1,B2,B3). Results: 4.05% (1361/33608) of emergency admissions had H-AKI. Models using the index NEWS had the lower AUCs (0.59 to 0.68) than models using the maximum NEWS AUCs (0.75 to 0.77). The maximum NEWS model (B3) was more sensitivity than the index NEWS model (A0) (67.60% vs 19.84%) but identified twice as many cases as being at risk of H-AKI (9581 vs 4099) at a NEWS of 5. Conclusions: The index NEWS is a poor predictor of H-AKI. The maximum NEWS is a better predictor but seems unfeasible because it is only knowable in retrospect and is associated with a substantial increase in workload albeit with improved sensitivity.The Health Foundatio

Nuclear-Magnetic-Resonance Studies of the Semiconductor-to-Metal Transition in Chlorine-Doped Cadmium Sulfide

Spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) and Knight shifts were measured for Cd113 nuclei in 12 CdS crystals doped with various amounts of chlorine. Hall coefficients were measured in order to estimate conduction-electron concentrations. Data were obtained for all samples at 300 °K and for some highly doped samples at 77, 4.2, and 2.13 °K. Metallic properties were observed in all samples having electron concentrations n\u3e2×1018 cm-3. At 300 °K, we find 1/T1∝n for nonmetallic samples and 1/T1∝n2/3 when samples are metallic. The latter proportionality continues to hold at lower temperatures. The dependence of T1 on n becomes increasingly less pronounced at lower temperatures in the nonmetallic samples indicating that the nuclear relaxation becomes at least partially dependent on mechanisms other than conduction electrons, such as spin-diffusion coupling to paramagnetic impurity sites. In the metallic samples, the Knight shift K∝n1/3 and the Korringa product is a constant: T1TK2=3.3×10-6 sec °K. Both the Knight shift and Korringa product decrease sharply for n\u3c2×1018 cm-3. Our analysis shows that the Mott transition (formation of an impurity conduction band or transition to free conduction) occurs in a region 5×101718 cm-3 and that the impurity conduction band and the CdS conduction band become merged (i.e., the Fermi level crosses into the CdS conduction band) in a region 1.6×101818 cm-3

Nuclear-Magnetic-Resonance Studies of the Semiconductor-to-Metal Transition in Chlorine-Doped Cadmium Sulfide

Spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) and Knight shifts were measured for Cd113 nuclei in 12 CdS crystals doped with various amounts of chlorine. Hall coefficients were measured in order to estimate conduction-electron concentrations. Data were obtained for all samples at 300 °K and for some highly doped samples at 77, 4.2, and 2.13 °K. Metallic properties were observed in all samples having electron concentrations n\u3e2×1018 cm-3. At 300 °K, we find 1/T1∝n for nonmetallic samples and 1/T1∝n2/3 when samples are metallic. The latter proportionality continues to hold at lower temperatures. The dependence of T1 on n becomes increasingly less pronounced at lower temperatures in the nonmetallic samples indicating that the nuclear relaxation becomes at least partially dependent on mechanisms other than conduction electrons, such as spin-diffusion coupling to paramagnetic impurity sites. In the metallic samples, the Knight shift K∝n1/3 and the Korringa product is a constant: T1TK2=3.3×10-6 sec °K. Both the Knight shift and Korringa product decrease sharply for n\u3c2×1018 cm-3. Our analysis shows that the Mott transition (formation of an impurity conduction band or transition to free conduction) occurs in a region 5×101718 cm-3 and that the impurity conduction band and the CdS conduction band become merged (i.e., the Fermi level crosses into the CdS conduction band) in a region 1.6×101818 cm-3