Is It Your Foreign Name or Foreign Qualifications? An Experimental Study of Ethnic Discrimination in Hiring

This paper contributes to the existing literature on ethnic discrimination of immigrants in hiring by addressing the central question of what employers act on in a job application. The method involved sending qualitatively identical resumes signalling belonging to different ethnic groups to firms advertising for labour. The results show that whether the applicant has a native sounding or a foreign sounding name explains approximately 77 per cent of the total gap in the probability of being invited to an interview between natives and immigrants, while having foreign qualifications only explains the remaining 23 per cent. This in turn, suggests a lower bound for statistical discrimination of approximately 23 per cent of total discrimination. The analysis indicates further that the 77 per cent are most likely driven by a mixture of preference-based and statistical discrimination.statistical discrimination, ethnic discrimination, hiring, job search, preference-based discrimination, correspondence testing

An Experimental Study of Sex Segregation in the Swedish Labour Market: Is Discrimination the Explanation?

This paper studies whether sex discrimination is the cause of sex segregation in the Swedish labour market. The correspondence testing (CT) method was used, which entails two qualitatively identical applications, one with a female name and one with a male name, being sent to employers advertising for labour. The results show that females have a somewhat higher callback rate to interview in female-dominated occupations, while in male-dominated occupations there is no evidence of any difference. The conclusion is that the sex segregation prevailing in the Swedish labour market cannot be explained by discrimination in hiring. Instead, the explanation must be found on the supply side.sex discrimination, segregation, exit from unemployment

Employer Attitudes, the Marginal Employer and the Ethnic Wage Gap

Ethnic minorities have lower wages compared to the ethnic majority in most EU-countries. However, to what extent these wage gaps are the result of prejudice toward ethnic minority workers is virtually unknown. This study sets out to examine what role prejudice play in the creation of the ethnic wage gap in one of Europe's most egalitarian countries, Sweden. The analysis takes into account the important distinction between average employer attitudes and the attitude of the marginal employer. Our results confirm that the attitudes of the marginal employer – but not those of the average employer – are important for the ethnic wage gap. This relationship becomes even stronger when potential measurement error and other forms of endogeneity are accounted for by controlling for a rich set of variables and implementing instrumental variable techniques.attitudes, prejudice, marginal employer, ethnic wage gap

Non-LTE neutral carbon spectral line formation in late-type stars

We present non-Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (non-LTE) calculations for neutral carbon spectral line formation, carried out for a grid of model atmospheres covering the range of late-type stars. The results of our detailed calculations suggest that the carbon non-LTE corrections in these stars are higher than usually adopted, remaining substantial even at low metallicity. For the most metal-poor stars in the sample of Akerman et al. (2004), the non-LTE abundance corrections are of the order of -0.35...-0.45 dex (when neglecting H collisions). Applying our results to those observations, the apparent [C/O] upturn seen in their LTE analysis is no longer present, thus revealing no need to invoke contributions from Pop. III stars to the carbon nucleosynthesis.Comment: 2 pages, 1 figure. To appear in the Proceedings of IAU Symposium 228 "From Li to U: Elemental Tracers of Early Cosmic Evolution", eds. V. Hill, P. Francois and F. Primas, Cambridge University Press. Replacement with minor textual correction

Ethnicity and obesity: evidence of implicit work performance stereotypes in Sweden

Using the Implicit Association Test, we investigate whether employers and students possess implicit and explicit negative attitudes and implicit performance stereotypes toward Arab-Muslim men relative to native Swedish men. We also examine if employers and students have implicit and explicit performance stereotypes toward obese individuals relative to people of normal weight. The results demonstrate that employers and students both implicitly and explicitly associate Arab-Muslim men with less work performance. Also, they have more implicit negative attitudes toward this ethnic group. Obese individuals are both implicitly and explicitly associated with less work performance compared with normal-weight individuals.Implicit; attitudes; stereotypes; discrimination; ethnicity; obesity

Variable shunting for the WAM

This paper describes how to extend the garbage collection for WAM so that it will shunt chains of bound variables if possible. Doing so has two advantages: 1. Space is saved by making it possible to deallocate the intermediate cells. This is particularly useful when those cells are associated with frozen goals. 2. Later dereferencing is speeded up by not having to follow long variable chains. The main complication of this optimization is the treatment of the trailed variables. We claim that all possible chains of variables are shunted by this algorithm. The algorithm has been implemented in SICStus Prolog, and benchmark results are presented in this paper. The full source code for the shunting algorithm is given in this paper

Valence-Electron Resonances in Alkali-Metal Overlayers Observed via Photoemission Line-Shape Changes

Valence-electron resonances for Na overlayers on Ag(111) and Cu(111) are observed by photoemission via line-shape changes for the substrate s,p-band emission in a narrow range of photon energies. The effect is ascribed to interfering contributions to the photoelectron wave from the substrate and the vacuum barrier

Radioactivity Exploration from the Arctic to Antarctica. Part 5: The Tundra-94 expedition

The joint Swedish-Russian “Tundra Ecology-94” expedition during 1994 used the large Russian ice-breaking research vessel R/V Akademik Fedorov a platform and went along a coastline of 3500 km-from the Kola Peninsula 10°E to Kolyuchinskaya Bay 173°E. Radioactivity in air, seawater and sediment was explored at various locations along the route. The average of 7Be activity concentration in air over the Arctic Ocean was found to be only about 0.6 mBq.m-3, in air close to the Siberian coast-line, however, it was as high as 11 mBq.m-3. The activity concentration of 210Pb in the air over the Arctic Ocean varies between 37 – 176 micro-Bq.m-3. In the air close to the Siberian coastline 71oN 84oE, however, the activity concentration of 210Pb in the air was much higher, about 2500 micro.Bq.m-3. Anthropogenic radioactivity in the Arctic originate from nuclear weapons fallout, release from nuclear fuel reprocessing plant, and from the Chernobyl accident. The minimum values of the 137Cs activity concentration water along the route of the Tundra were found in South-eastern Barents Sea: 5.3 Bq.m-3 of surface-water, and of bottom-water 6.4 Bq.m-3. Maximum values were found in the Western Laptevsea: 12.8 Bq.m-3 of surface-water, and of bottom-water 5.1 Bq.m-3. East of 150 oE the 134Cs / 137Cs ratios are less than 0.003, indicating that less than 6% of the 137Cs originated from the Chernobyl accident. 137Cs levels are reduced to values of about 1.4 Bq.m-3 in the low salinity water near the mouths of the Ob and Yenisey Rivers. The 134Cs / 137Cs activity ratio of 0.014 in the freshwater indicates that the Chernobyl component in the river systems is the same (30%) as in the marine waters west of 150 oE. In surface water the 90Sr activity concentration range from 2 to 4 Bq.m-3, Maximuim values about 3.5 Bq.m-3 were found between 100-140 oE. But east of 150 oE the values decreased to about 0.5 Bq.m-3 at 170 oE. In bottom water the 90Sr activity concentration range from 1.5 at 40 oE to maximum values about 4 Bq.m-3 between 100-120 oE. . The measured 90Sr/137Cs ratios in surface water close to a value of 0.14 over a wide range of stations from the Barents to the Laptev Seas. The 129I concentration in sea-water along the route of the Tundra expedition decrease from about 20·1011 atoms.l-1 at 40 oE, to about 1·1011 atoms.l-1 east of 160 oE. The 239+240Pu activity concentration in surface seawater decrease from about 10 mBq.m-3 to about 1 mBq.m-3 east of 160 oE. In bottom seawater it is more evenly distributed between 10-4 mBq.m-3, with minimum at 60-80 oE and maxima at 40oE and 160 oE. Measured 238Pu/239,240Pu activity ratios in the water column yield no evidence of any leakage of plutonium from dumped nuclear wastes in the Kara and Barents Seas