Limitaciones del test de tetrazolio para determinar viabilidad de yemas y semillas

La técnica convencional de tinción conocida como test de tetrazo-lio no es la más apropiada para la determinación de la viabilidad de los tejidos vegetales, sino que debería complementarse con el colorante azul de Evans

Efectos de varios tiempos de cosecha continua en la estructura de los nematodos del suelo en los campos de algodón en Xinjiang, China

Cosechas continuas a largo plazo de algodón han conducido a pérdidas agrícolas substanciales. Sin embargo, la cosecha continua de algodón podría mantener altos rendimientos del cultivo durante varios años en algunas áreas. La composición y estructura de las comunidades de nematodos del suelo se investigaron para explorar el efecto de cosechas continuas y profundidades del suelo en estas comunidades. Se recolectaron muestras de suelo a dos profundidades (0-20 y 20-40 cm desde la superficie del suelo) en campos de algodón con una historia de 5, 10, 15 ó 20 años de cosechas continuas en la región de Karamay. Se determinaron 36 géneros de nematodos. Hubo diferencias significativas en el número total de nematodos y grupos tróficos entre años de cosecha continua. El mayor número de todos los nematodos se observó a 20-40 cm de profundidad del suelo bajo cosechas continuas de algodón de 10 años, y el menor número a 20-40 cm de profundidad bajo cosechas continuas de 5 años de dicho cultivo. Hubo efectos significativos de las profundidades de suelo en la densidad de fungívoros y parásitos vegetales. Los efectos de cosechas continuas en las comunidades de nematodos del suelo se podrían observar por valores de índices ecológicos. Años de cosechas continuas, profundidades del suelo y su interacción influenciaron significativamente H´, λ, WI, PPI (índice de parásitos vegetales), MI (índice de madurez, excluyendo los parásitos vegetales), PPI/MI, F/B [F y B representan la abundancia de consumidores de hongos (F) y bacterias (B)] y NCR (=B/(B + F). El índice de Shannon (H’) fue mayor en el campo de algodón de 10 años de cosecha continua que en los otros campos estudiados. El menor índice de Simpson (λ) se observó en el campo de algodón de 10 años. El valor más bajo del índice de Wasilewska (WI) pareció estar en el campo de algodón de 20 años, el que tuvo la mayoría de los parásitos vegetales. Incrementos en los años de cosecha de algodón determinaron una tendencia descendiente de NCR, y una tendencia ascendente de F/B. La senda de descomposición bacteriana fue más importante en las situaciones de 5 años, y la senda de descomposición fúngica fue más importante en las situaciones de 20 años. El análisis de nematodos mostró que los cambios en las comunidades de nematodos del suelo y grupos tróficos podrían indicar cambios en el ambiente del suelo y la estructura de las comunidades de nematodos con cambios en el tiempo de cosechas continuas.Long-term continuous cropping of cotton had ledto substantial agricultural losses. However, continuous cottoncropping could maintain high crop yields for many years in someareas. The composition and structure of soil nematode communitieswere investigated to explore the effect of continuous croppingand soil depths on these communities. Soil samples werecollected at two soil depths (0-20 cm and 20-40 cm) from cottonfields with a history of 5, 10, 15 or 20 years of continuouscotton cropping in the Karamay region. The results showed that36 genera were found. Significant differences in the numbers oftotal nematodes and trophic groups were observed among continuouscropping times. The highest number of total nematodeswas observed at 20-40 cm depth under continuous 10-croppingyears, and the lowest number at 20-40 cm depth under continuous5-cropping years. There were significant soil depth effects on thedensity of fungivores and plant parasites. Continuous croppingeffects on soil nematode communities could be reflected by valuesof ecological indexes. Continuous cropping times, soil depths andtheir interaction significantly influenced H´, , WI, PPI (index ofplant parasites), MI (maturation index excluding plant parasites),PPI/MI, F/B and NCR. The Shannon index (H´) was higher inthe 10-year cotton field than in the other-year fields. The Simpsonindex () was the lowest in the 10-year cotton field. The lowestvalue of WI (index of Wasilewska) appeared at the 20-year cottonfield, which had the majority of plant parasites. Increases of cottoncropping times determined a decreased trend of NCR [=B/(B + F)], and an increased trend of F/B [F and B represent theconsumer abundance of fungi (F) and bacteria (B)]. The bacterialdecomposition pathway was more important in the 5-year situations,and the fungal decomposition pathway was more importantin the 20-year situations. Nematode analysis showed that changesof soil nematode communities and trophic groups could indicatechanges in the soil environment and nematode community structurewith changes of continuous cropping times.Fil: Li, X. L.. Chifeng University; ChinaFil: Wang, I. C.. Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; ChinaFil: Busso, Carlos Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiarida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiarida; ArgentinaFil: Xiang, J. S.. Chifeng University; ChinaFil: Zhang, A. M.. Chifeng University; ChinaFil: Qu, Y. W.. Chifeng University; ChinaFil: Liu, Y.. Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science; Chin

Evaluation of the conceptual model on shrubbiness-desertification on arid rangelands

Advancement of shrubbiness (increase in plant cover and density of woody species) on different environments world-wide has generated an increasing interest in the scientific community, particularly because of its association with the desertification process which is increasing, also at a world-wide level. There are two opposing positions, both of them validated by scientific evidences. The greatly accepted position recognizes shrubbiness as one of the mechanisms conducive to desertification in natural environments, cataloguing it as a negative process. A different view, based on recent studies, suggests that shrubbiness should be considered as a positive process because it may drive a reversal of desertification, depending on the environment and the species of shrub studied at a site. This review presented within this framework discusses the existing relationship between shrubbiness and desertification and proposes an approach that should be considered in future research.ISSN 0570-179

Water stress and temperature effects on germination and early seedling growth of Digitaria eriantha

This study focused on the two major processes critical for plant establishment: Seed germination and seedling survival. We determined the effects of (1) water stress and temperature on the germination, and (2) water stress on early seedling growth of Digitaria eriantha cv ‘Irene’. Seeds harvested in 2007 were used for temperature studies, and those coming from 2006 and 2007 for water stress studies. In 2009, viability decreased by 65.4% from 2006 to 2007. During the first twenty-four hours, germination was more than 50% at constant (30 or 35°C) than alternating (10/30 or 10/35°C) temperatures, although total germination was about 80% for all temperature treatments. Polyethylene glycol 8000 was used to impose water stress conditions. Germination percentages and coefficients of velocity decreased with decreasing water potentials. Early seedling growth was smaller at lower water potentials. D. eriantha cv ‘Irene’ appeared to germinate within a wide range of temperatures, but it varied greatly in germination response to water potentials. Results suggest that this species could be planted in late spring-early summer, when seedbed temperatures are increasing and soil moisture might still be adequate.Fil: Brevedan, Roberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida(i); Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; ArgentinaFil: Busso, Carlos Alberto. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida(i); ArgentinaFil: Fioretti, M. N.. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; ArgentinaFil: Toribio, M. B.. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; ArgentinaFil: Baioni, S. S.. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; ArgentinaFil: Torres, Yanina Alejandra. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida(i); ArgentinaFil: Fernandez, Osvaldo Alberto. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida(i); ArgentinaFil: Giorgetti, H. D.. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Asuntos Agrarios. Chacra Experimental de Patagones; ArgentinaFil: Bentivegna, Diego Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida(i); ArgentinaFil: Entío, J.. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales; ArgentinaFil: Ithurrart, Leticia Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida(i); Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; ArgentinaFil: Montenegro, O.. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Asuntos Agrarios. Chacra Experimental de Patagones; ArgentinaFil: Mujica, M. de las M.. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales; ArgentinaFil: Rodríguez, G.. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Asuntos Agrarios. Chacra Experimental de Patagones; ArgentinaFil: Tucat, Guillermo. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida(i); Argentin

Plant growth and survival of five introduced and two native/naturalized perennial grass genotypes exposed to two defoliation managements in arid Argentina

The field performance of the native Pappophorum vaginatum, the naturalized Eragrostis curvula and various cultivars of the introduced Achnatherum hymenoides and Leymus cinereus was evaluated as potential forage resources in rangelands of arid Argentina during the warm seasons of 2007/2008 and 2008/2009. Plants of these grass species, obtained from seeds, were transplanted to the field in 2006, when they were 1 year old. During the study years, there were two defoliation managements: plants of all study genotypes either remained undefoliated (controls) or were defoliated twice a year during spring at 5 cm stubble height. Despite tiller number being lower (P 0·05) between defoliation managements by mid-spring, there were no differences (P > 0·05) in dry weight production between defoliated and undefoliated plants in all genotypes at the end of the second growing season. Plants of one or more of the introduced genotypes showed a similar (P > 0·05) or greater (P 0·05) or greater (P 70%) or naturalized (>39%) genotypes at the end of the first or second growing seasons.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Root traits and arbuscular mycorrhiza on perennial grasses exposed to defoliation after a controlled burning

Plant competition for soil resources is common in semiarid rangelands. Plants have various, alternative mechanisms to deal with soil resource acquisition. They include (1) length, weight and proliferation of roots, (2) root length density, and (3) root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhiza. In rangelands of Argentina, plants are exposed to herbivory after natural fires. As a result, knowledge on how these disturbances impact root traits is important for outlining guidelines focused on rangeland management and improvement. Our aim was to analyze the effects of defoliation after a controlled burning on root traits (1) to (3) on two preferred (Poa ligularis and Nassella tenuis) and one unpreferred (Amelichloa ambigua) perennial grasses. Applied treatments did not affect neither root length nor percentage colonization by arbucular mycorrhiza. The smaller diameter and greater root length found in P. ligularis might contribute to explain its lower root mycorrhizal colonization in comparison to A. ambigua and N. tenuis, respectively. The greatest root length and weight, on P. ligularis will contribute to explain the already known greater competitive ability in this than in the other two study species. Our results suggest that defoliating P. ligularis after fire would not compromise its competitive ability, thus contributing to rangeland management.En pastizales semiáridos, la competencia por los recursos subterráneos es una de las principales formas de competencia entre plantas. Las plantas poseen varios mecanismos alternativos para la adquisición de los recursos del suelo. Éstos incluyen (1) la longitud, peso y proliferación radical, (2) la densidad de longitud de raíces y (3) la colonización del sistema radical por hongos micorrízicos arbusculares. En los pastizales de Argentina las plantas están expuestas a herbivoría luego de fuegos naturales. En consecuencia, resulta crucial conocer cómo impactan dichos disturbios sobre los atributos radicales, con el objeto de emplearlos como herramientas de manejo para hacer un uso sustentable de estos ecosistemas. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el efecto de la defoliación luego de una quema controlada sobre los parámetros subterráneos mencionados (1 a 3), en dos especies deseables (Poa ligularis y Nassella tenuis) y una indeseable (Amelichloa ambigua). Los tratamientos aplicados no afectaron la longitud radical ni la colonización por hongos micorrízicos arbusculares. El menor diámetro y la mayor longitud radical de P. ligularis, contribuyeron a explicar la menor colonización radical de esta especie respecto de A. ambigua y N. tenuis, respectivamente. Los resultados encontrados sugieren que la defoliación de P. ligularis luego de una quema controlada no comprometería la habilidad competitiva de esta especie, contribuyendo al mejoramiento de los pastizales.Artículo publicado en Phyton, International Journal of Experimental Botany (2018) 87: 51-5

Ubiquitination of human AP-endonuclease 1 (APE1) enhanced by T233E substitution and by CDK5

Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1 (APE1) is a multifunctional DNA repair/gene regulatory protein in mammalian cells, and was recently reported to be phosphorylated at Thr233 by CDK5. We here report that ubiquitination of T233E APE1, a mimicry of phospho-T233 APE1, was markedly increased in multiple cell lines. Expression of CDK5 enhanced monoubiquitination of endogenous APE1. Polyubiquitinated APE1 was decreased when K48R ubiquitin was expressed, suggesting that polyubiquitination was mediated mainly through Lys48 of ubiquitin. The ubiquitination activity of MDM2, consistent in its role for APE1 ubiquitination, was increased for T233E APE1 compared to the wild-type APE1. In mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking the MDM2 gene, ubiquitination of T233E APE1 was still observed probably because of the decreased degradation activity for monoubiquitinated APE1 and because of backup E3 ligases in the cells. Monoubiquitinated APE1 was present in the nucleus, and analyzing global gene expression profiles with or without induction of a ubiquitin-APE1 fusion gene suggested that monoubiquitination enhanced the gene suppression activity of APE1. These data reveal a delicate balance of ubiquitination and phosphorylation activities that alter the gene regulatory function of APE1

Water stress and temperature effects on germination and early seedling growth of <i>Digitaria eriantha</i>

This study focused on the two major processes critical for plant establishment: Seed germination and seedling survival. We determined the effects of (1) water stress and temperature on the germination, and (2) water stress on early seedling growth of Digitaria eriantha cv ‘Irene’. Seeds harvested in 2007 were used for temperature studies, and those coming from 2006 and 2007 for water stress studies. In 2009, viability decreased by 65.4% from 2006 to 2007. During the first twenty-four hours, germination was more than 50% at constant (30 or 35°C) than alternating (10/30 or 10/35°C) temperatures, although total germination was about 80% for all temperature treatments. Polyethylene glycol 8000 was used to impose water stress conditions. Germination percentages and coefficients of velocity decreased with decreasing water potentials. Early seedling growth was smaller at lower water potentials. D. eriantha cv ‘Irene’ appeared to germinate within a wide range of temperatures, but it varied greatly in germination response to water potentials. Results suggest that this species could be planted in late spring-early summer, when seedbed temperatures are increasing and soil moisture might still be adequate.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Water stress and temperature effects on germination and early seedling growth of <i>Digitaria eriantha</i>

This study focused on the two major processes critical for plant establishment: Seed germination and seedling survival. We determined the effects of (1) water stress and temperature on the germination, and (2) water stress on early seedling growth of Digitaria eriantha cv ‘Irene’. Seeds harvested in 2007 were used for temperature studies, and those coming from 2006 and 2007 for water stress studies. In 2009, viability decreased by 65.4% from 2006 to 2007. During the first twenty-four hours, germination was more than 50% at constant (30 or 35°C) than alternating (10/30 or 10/35°C) temperatures, although total germination was about 80% for all temperature treatments. Polyethylene glycol 8000 was used to impose water stress conditions. Germination percentages and coefficients of velocity decreased with decreasing water potentials. Early seedling growth was smaller at lower water potentials. D. eriantha cv ‘Irene’ appeared to germinate within a wide range of temperatures, but it varied greatly in germination response to water potentials. Results suggest that this species could be planted in late spring-early summer, when seedbed temperatures are increasing and soil moisture might still be adequate.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Water stress and temperature effects on germination and early seedling growth of <i>Digitaria eriantha</i>

This study focused on the two major processes critical for plant establishment: Seed germination and seedling survival. We determined the effects of (1) water stress and temperature on the germination, and (2) water stress on early seedling growth of Digitaria eriantha cv ‘Irene’. Seeds harvested in 2007 were used for temperature studies, and those coming from 2006 and 2007 for water stress studies. In 2009, viability decreased by 65.4% from 2006 to 2007. During the first twenty-four hours, germination was more than 50% at constant (30 or 35°C) than alternating (10/30 or 10/35°C) temperatures, although total germination was about 80% for all temperature treatments. Polyethylene glycol 8000 was used to impose water stress conditions. Germination percentages and coefficients of velocity decreased with decreasing water potentials. Early seedling growth was smaller at lower water potentials. D. eriantha cv ‘Irene’ appeared to germinate within a wide range of temperatures, but it varied greatly in germination response to water potentials. Results suggest that this species could be planted in late spring-early summer, when seedbed temperatures are increasing and soil moisture might still be adequate.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale