Spatial and temporal disaggregation of the anthropogenic emissions inventory in Manizales, Caldas

Spatial and temporal disaggregation of on-road mobile source and industrial point- source emissions on Manizales (2014 base year), allowed to find the hotspots emissions in the city area. This emission inventory (EI) was disaggregated on a high-resolution domain of 14x17km with grid cells of 1 km x 1 km and a temporal resolution of 1 hour, using a Geographic Information System (GIS). The on-road mobile source EI was disaggregated using a top-down method based on the analysis of traffic flow levels and road density. Hotspots were found in residential- commercial zone where was found the 46% of total emissions of CO and 47% PM10 emissions. The temporal distribution of emissions showed a strong relationship between emissions and driving patterns, with emission peaks around midday, this time is characterized by the highest traffic flow and engine stress. In terms of industrial point-sources, the hotspot was found in the industrial zone of Maltería with 99% of the total emissions of CO and 78% of the emissions of PM10. Similarly, the emission peaks were found between 8h and 15h, related to the common working days of the companies evaluated. In addition, the sensitivity analysis of the on-road mobile source emission inventory was performed using a methodology of local sensitivity analysis known as "one- factor-at-a-time". This analysis was carried out in order to establish the parameters with the greatest influence on unit emissions. The highest sensitivity was presented by total starts with variations of up to 30% in CO emissions, followed by driving patterns with variations of up to 10%. A lower impact was observed in the starts distribution and traffic flow profile with variations of 1.5% and 0.3%, respectively.La desagregación espacial y temporal del inventario de emisiones por fuentes antropogénicas para la ciudad de Manizales, año base 2014, permitió encontrar las zonas más afectadas por las emisiones de cada una de las fuentes evaluadas: fuentes móviles en ruta y fuentes fijas puntuales. Este inventario se desagregó sobre un dominio de alta resolución de 14km x 17km con celdas de 1km x 1km y una resolución temporal de 1 hora utilizando un sistema de información geográfica (GIS). El inventario de emisiones por fuentes móviles en ruta se desagregó utilizando una metodología top-down basada en el análisis de niveles de flujo vehicular y la densidad de vías. Los puntos de máxima emisión se encontraron en la zona residencial-comercial donde se presentaron el 46% de las emisiones totales de CO y 47% de las emisiones de PM10. La desagregación temporal mostró una fuerte relación entre las emisiones y los patrones de conducción, presentando las mayores emisiones alrededor del mediodía en el cuál se presenta el mayor flujo vehicular y mayores condiciones de estrés del motor. En cuanto a las fuentes fijas puntuales, el punto de máxima emisión fue encontrado en la zona industrial de Maltería con 99% de las emisiones totales de CO y 78% de las emisiones de PM10. Del mismo modo, los picos de emisión se encontraron entre las 8h y 15h, relacionado con las jornadas laborales comunes de las empresas evaluadas. Adicionalmente, se realizó el análisis de sensibilidad del inventario de emisiones por fuentes móviles en ruta aplicando una metodología de análisis de sensibilidad local conocida como “one-factor-at-a-time”. Este análisis se realizó con el objetivo de establecer los parámetros con mayor influencia en las emisiones unitarias. La mayor sensibilidad la presentaron las partidas totales con variaciones de hasta 30% en las emisiones de CO, seguida de los patrones de conducción con variaciones de hasta el 10%. Menor impacto se observó en la distribución de partidas y el perfil de flujo vehicular, con variaciones de 1.5% y 0.3%, respectivamente.Tesis presentada como requisito parcial para optar al título de: Magíster en Ingeniería Química. -- Grupo de Trabajo Académico en Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental. -- Línea de Investigación: Ingeniería Ambiental.Maestrí

Contrasting Linguistic Patterns in Human and LLM-Generated Text

We conduct a quantitative analysis contrasting human-written English news text with comparable large language model (LLM) output from 4 LLMs from the LLaMa family. Our analysis spans several measurable linguistic dimensions, including morphological, syntactic, psychometric and sociolinguistic aspects. The results reveal various measurable differences between human and AI-generated texts. Among others, human texts exhibit more scattered sentence length distributions, a distinct use of dependency and constituent types, shorter constituents, and more aggressive emotions (fear, disgust) than LLM-generated texts. LLM outputs use more numbers, symbols and auxiliaries (suggesting objective language) than human texts, as well as more pronouns. The sexist bias prevalent in human text is also expressed by LLMs

Assessment of Pre-Trained Models Across Languages and Grammars

We present an approach for assessing how multilingual large language models (LLMs) learn syntax in terms of multi-formalism syntactic structures. We aim to recover constituent and dependency structures by casting parsing as sequence labeling. To do so, we select a few LLMs and study them on 13 diverse UD treebanks for dependency parsing and 10 treebanks for constituent parsing. Our results show that: (i) the framework is consistent across encodings, (ii) pre-trained word vectors do not favor constituency representations of syntax over dependencies, (iii) sub-word tokenization is needed to represent syntax, in contrast to character-based models, and (iv) occurrence of a language in the pretraining data is more important than the amount of task data when recovering syntax from the word vectors.Comment: Accepted at IJCNLP-AACL 202

Parsing linearizations appreciate PoS tags - but some are fussy about errors

PoS tags, once taken for granted as a useful resource for syntactic parsing, have become more situational with the popularization of deep learning. Recent work on the impact of PoS tags on graph- and transition-based parsers suggests that they are only useful when tagging accuracy is prohibitively high, or in low-resource scenarios. However, such an analysis is lacking for the emerging sequence labeling parsing paradigm, where it is especially relevant as some models explicitly use PoS tags for encoding and decoding. We undertake a study and uncover some trends. Among them, PoS tags are generally more useful for sequence labeling parsers than for other paradigms, but the impact of their accuracy is highly encoding-dependent, with the PoS-based head-selection encoding being best only when both tagging accuracy and resource availability are high.Comment: Accepted at AACL 202

Permutaciones sin repetición

Este capítulo presenta el trabajo final de la concentración en Educación Matemática de la Maestría en Educación de la Universidad de los Andes de un grupo de cuatro profesores de matemáticas. El informe describe las actuaciones para el diseño, implementación y evaluación de la unidad didáctica relacionada con permutaciones sin repetición. Este diseño se fundamenta en el modelo de análisis didáctico que constituyó el contenido central de la maestría

TCP performance enhancement over wireless mesh networks by means of the combination of multi-RAT devices and the MPTCP protocol

The last trends at communications realms, in particular, wireless technologies, where it is more and more usual that devices carry more than one interface (i.e. multi-RAT, Radio Access Technology), to get access to the Internet, question the classic single-path paradigm, imposed by the mainstream transport protocol, TCP. In this work we assess the behavior of Multipath TCP (MPTCP), which allows the transparent breakdown of a single TCP session into multiple simultaneous subflows. This straightforward feature might lead to remarkable performance enhancements, yielding as well a stronger resilience against failures within any of the routes. Moreover, we evaluate three different routing algorithms (link, node and zone disjoint) that aim to discover the optimal route configuration of disjoint paths over a Wireless Mesh Network (WMN), exploiting the possibilities arisen by this brand new protocol. We use the obtained results to evaluate, by means of simulation, the behavior of the MPTCP protocol, showing that the aggregated performance is significatively higher than that of achieved by the traditional single-path and single-flow TCP.The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Spanish government for its funding in the project “Connectivity as a Service: Access for the Internet of the Future”, COSAIF (TEC2012-38574-C02-01)

ALTEA: A Software Tool for the Evaluation of New Biomarkers for Alzheimer s Disease by Means of Textures Analysis on Magnetic Resonance Images

[EN] The current criteria for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease (AD) require the presence of relevant cognitive deficits, so the underlying neuropathological damage is important by the time the diagnosis is made. Therefore, the evaluation of new biomarkers to detect AD in its early stages has become one of the main research focuses. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate a set of texture parameters as potential biomarkers of the disease. To this end, the ALTEA (ALzheimer TExture Analyzer) software tool was created to perform 2D and 3D texture analysis on magnetic resonance images. This intuitive tool was used to analyze textures of circular and spherical regions situated in the right and left hippocampi of a cohort of 105 patients: 35 AD patients, 35 patients with early mild cognitive impairment (EMCI) and 35 cognitively normal (CN) subjects. A total of 25 statistical texture parameters derived from the histogram, the Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix and the Gray-Level Run-Length Matrix, were extracted from each region and analyzed statistically to study their predictive capacity. Several textural parameters were statistically significant (p < 0.05) when differentiating AD subjects from CN and EMCI patients, which indicates that texture analysis could help to identify the presence of AD.This work was supported in part by the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO) and FEDER funds under grant BFU2015-64380-C2-2-R. R.O.-R. was supported by grant ACIF/2015/078 from the Conselleria d'Educacio, Investigacio, Cultura i Esport of the Valencian Community (Spain).López-Gómez, C.; Ortiz-Ramón, R.; Mollá, E.; Moratal, D. (2018). ALTEA: A Software Tool for the Evaluation of New Biomarkers for Alzheimer s Disease by Means of Textures Analysis on Magnetic Resonance Images. Diagnostics. 8(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics8030047S8

Vocalizaciones asociadas al comportamiento colonial de Cacicus chrysonotus leucoramphus (Icteridae) en Colombia

In order to assess the association between the vocalizations and the displayed behaviors of the Golden-shouldered Mountain Cacique (Cacicus chrysonotus leucoramphus), we sampled both acoustic and behavioral features at three sites in the Andes of Nariño, southern Colombia. We obtained seven vocalization types, six of them associated with at least one of the three identified behavioral categories (vigilance, alertness, and territorial defense), and one linked with a courtship exhibition. Vocalizations with higher values of bandwidth and frequency modulations were associated with territorial behavior, whereas those with lower values of bandwidth and few frequency modulations were associated with vigilance and alert. Results showed similarities in the acoustic structure of vocalizations and the related social context with other species as the&nbsp;C. cela&nbsp;and&nbsp;C. haemorrhous.&nbsp;C. c. leucoramphus&nbsp;uses specific types of vocalizations in a particular social context, with some vocalizations used in different behaviors. This study describes for the first time the social context in which vocalizations are associated with their behaviors.Con el objetivo de evaluar la asociación entre las vocalizaciones y los comportamientos del cacique montano norteño (Cacicus chrysonotus leucoramphus), se tomaron registros acústicos y conductuales de la especie en cuatro localidades de los Andes de Nariño, en el sur de Colombia. Se registraron seis tipos de vocalizaciones asociadas a por lo menos una de las tres categorías conductuales identificadas (vigilancia, alerta y defensa territorial), y una vocalización registrada en un único evento de cortejo. Vocalizaciones con valores más altos de ancho de banda y modulación de frecuencia resultaron asociadas a defensa territorial, mientras que vocalizaciones con valores bajos de ancho de banda y poca modulación cumplieron funciones de vigilancia y alerta. Los resultados indican similitudes en el comportamiento vocal y social con respecto a estudios en otras especies como&nbsp;Cacicus cela&nbsp;y&nbsp;Cacicus haemorrhous.&nbsp;C. c. leucoramphus&nbsp;utiliza vocalizaciones específicas en un determinado contexto conductual, pudiendo algunas de ellas ser reutilizadas en varios comportamientos. Este estudio describe por primera vez el contexto social en el que se asocian las vocalizaciones y conductas en esta especie

The recent neophyte Opuntia aurantiaca (Cactaceae): distribution and potential invasion in the Iberian Peninsula

The Cactaceae, and especially its most emblematic genus, Opuntia, is one of the groups of plants with greater invasion potential in the Iberian Peninsula. One of the most recently detected species is Opuntia aurantiaca, a small cactus with an enormous capacity of dispersion. Probably native to Argentina and Uruguay, it behaves as a very aggressive invader in Australia and South Africa. In Europe, it only occurs on the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula (Catalonia and Valencian Community). In this study, the geographic range of the species is accurately delineated at the peninsular level. Detected firstly at the beginning of the last decade in Navajas (Castelló Province), it has been subsequently observed in other places of Castelló, but also in Valencia, Tarragona and Barcelona, and since 2017 in Girona. With all gathered occurrence data, the potential distribution of O. aurantiaca is estimated (for the current climatic conditions as well as for different scenarios of global warming). Despite the fact that the species seems to be spreading, maps of potential distribution do not forecast large expansions to other areas of the Iberian Peninsula, both for the present and for the year 2070.This work received financial support from the “Proyecto Intramural Especial, PIE” (grant no. 201630I024) from the CSIC (Spain) and from the “Ajuts a Grups de Recerca Consolidats” (grants nos. 2014-SGR514-GREB and 2017-SGR1116) from the Generalitat de Catalunya (Spain).Abstract Introduction Materials & methods The study species Search for occurrences Ecological niche modelling Results and Discussion Current distribution range of Opuntia aurantiaca in the Iberian Peninsula Present and future potential distribution of Opuntia aurantiaca Acknowledgement