36 research outputs found
Vaccination with Recombinant Microneme Proteins Confers Protection against Experimental Toxoplasmosis in Mice
Toxoplasmosis, a zoonotic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii, is an important public health problem and veterinary concern. Although there is no vaccine for human toxoplasmosis, many attempts have been made to develop one. Promising vaccine candidates utilize proteins, or their genes, from microneme organelle of T. gondii that are involved in the initial stages of host cell invasion by the parasite. In the present study, we used different recombinant microneme proteins (TgMIC1, TgMIC4, or TgMIC6) or combinations of these proteins (TgMIC1-4 and TgMIC1-4-6) to evaluate the immune response and protection against experimental toxoplasmosis in C57BL/6 mice. Vaccination with recombinant TgMIC1, TgMIC4, or TgMIC6 alone conferred partial protection, as demonstrated by reduced brain cyst burden and mortality rates after challenge. Immunization with TgMIC1-4 or TgMIC1-4-6 vaccines provided the most effective protection, since 70% and 80% of mice, respectively, survived to the acute phase of infection. In addition, these vaccinated mice, in comparison to non-vaccinated ones, showed reduced parasite burden by 59% and 68%, respectively. The protective effect was related to the cellular and humoral immune responses induced by vaccination and included the release of Th1 cytokines IFN-γ and IL-12, antigen-stimulated spleen cell proliferation, and production of antigen-specific serum antibodies. Our results demonstrate that microneme proteins are potential vaccines against T. gondii, since their inoculation prevents or decreases the deleterious effects of the infection
Terrestrial behavior in titi monkeys (Callicebus, Cheracebus, and Plecturocebus) : potential correlates, patterns, and differences between genera
For arboreal primates, ground use may increase dispersal opportunities, tolerance to habitat change, access to ground-based resources, and resilience to human disturbances, and so has conservation implications. We collated published and unpublished data from 86 studies across 65 localities to assess titi monkey (Callicebinae) terrestriality. We examined whether the frequency of terrestrial activity correlated with study duration (a proxy for sampling effort), rainfall level (a proxy for food availability seasonality), and forest height (a proxy for vertical niche dimension). Terrestrial activity was recorded frequently for Callicebus and Plecturocebus spp., but rarely for Cheracebus spp. Terrestrial resting, anti-predator behavior, geophagy, and playing frequencies in Callicebus and Plecturocebus spp., but feeding and moving differed. Callicebus spp. often ate or searched for new leaves terrestrially. Plecturocebus spp. descended primarily to ingest terrestrial invertebrates and soil. Study duration correlated positively and rainfall level negatively with terrestrial activity. Though differences in sampling effort and methods limited comparisons and interpretation, overall, titi monkeys commonly engaged in a variety of terrestrial activities. Terrestrial behavior in Callicebus and Plecturocebus capacities may bolster resistance to habitat fragmentation. However, it is uncertain if the low frequency of terrestriality recorded for Cheracebus spp. is a genus-specific trait associated with a more basal phylogenetic position, or because studies of this genus occurred in pristine habitats. Observations of terrestrial behavior increased with increasing sampling effort and decreasing food availability. Overall, we found a high frequency of terrestrial behavior in titi monkeys, unlike that observed in other pitheciids
Taking the pulse of Earth's tropical forests using networks of highly distributed plots
Tropical forests are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. While better understanding of these forests is critical for our collective future, until quite recently efforts to measure and monitor them have been largely disconnected. Networking is essential to discover the answers to questions that transcend borders and the horizons of funding agencies. Here we show how a global community is responding to the challenges of tropical ecosystem research with diverse teams measuring forests tree-by-tree in thousands of long-term plots. We review the major scientific discoveries of this work and show how this process is changing tropical forest science. Our core approach involves linking long-term grassroots initiatives with standardized protocols and data management to generate robust scaled-up results. By connecting tropical researchers and elevating their status, our Social Research Network model recognises the key role of the data originator in scientific discovery. Conceived in 1999 with RAINFOR (South America), our permanent plot networks have been adapted to Africa (AfriTRON) and Southeast Asia (T-FORCES) and widely emulated worldwide. Now these multiple initiatives are integrated via ForestPlots.net cyber-infrastructure, linking colleagues from 54 countries across 24 plot networks. Collectively these are transforming understanding of tropical forests and their biospheric role. Together we have discovered how, where and why forest carbon and biodiversity are responding to climate change, and how they feedback on it. This long-term pan-tropical collaboration has revealed a large long-term carbon sink and its trends, as well as making clear which drivers are most important, which forest processes are affected, where they are changing, what the lags are, and the likely future responses of tropical forests as the climate continues to change. By leveraging a remarkably old technology, plot networks are sparking a very modern revolution in tropical forest science. In the future, humanity can benefit greatly by nurturing the grassroots communities now collectively capable of generating unique, long-term understanding of Earth's most precious forests.
Resumen
Los bosques tropicales son los ecosistemas más diversos y productivos del mundo y entender su funcionamiento es crítico para nuestro futuro colectivo. Sin embargo, hasta hace muy poco, los esfuerzos para medirlos y monitorearlos han estado muy desconectados. El trabajo en redes es esencial para descubrir las respuestas a preguntas que trascienden las fronteras y los plazos de las agencias de financiamiento. Aquí mostramos cómo una comunidad global está respondiendo a los desafíos de la investigación en ecosistemas tropicales a través de diversos equipos realizando mediciones árbol por árbol en miles de parcelas permanentes de largo plazo. Revisamos los descubrimientos más importantes de este trabajo y discutimos cómo este proceso está cambiando la ciencia relacionada a los bosques tropicales. El enfoque central de nuestro esfuerzo implica la conexión de iniciativas locales de largo plazo con protocolos estandarizados y manejo de datos para producir resultados que se puedan trasladar a múltiples escalas. Conectando investigadores tropicales, elevando su posición y estatus, nuestro modelo de Red Social de Investigación reconoce el rol fundamental que tienen, para el descubrimiento científico, quienes generan o producen los datos. Concebida en 1999 con RAINFOR (Suramérica), nuestras redes de parcelas permanentes han sido adaptadas en África (AfriTRON) y el sureste asiático (T-FORCES) y ampliamente replicadas en el mundo. Actualmente todas estas iniciativas están integradas a través de la ciber-infraestructura de ForestPlots.net, conectando colegas de 54 países en 24 redes diferentes de parcelas. Colectivamente, estas redes están transformando nuestro conocimiento sobre los bosques tropicales y el rol de éstos en la biósfera. Juntos hemos descubierto cómo, dónde y porqué el carbono y la biodiversidad de los bosques tropicales está respondiendo al cambio climático y cómo se retroalimentan. Esta colaboración pan-tropical de largo plazo ha expuesto un gran sumidero de carbono y sus tendencias, mostrando claramente cuáles son los factores más importantes, qué procesos se ven afectados, dónde ocurren los cambios, los tiempos de reacción y las probables respuestas futuras mientras el clima continúa cambiando. Apalancando lo que realmente es una tecnología antigua, las redes de parcelas están generando una verdadera y moderna revolución en la ciencia tropical. En el futuro, la humanidad puede beneficiarse enormemente si se nutren y cultivan comunidades de investigadores de base, actualmente con la capacidad de generar información única y de largo plazo para entender los que probablemente son los bosques más preciados de la tierra.
Resumo
Florestas tropicais são os ecossistemas mais diversos e produtivos da Terra. Embora uma boa compreensão destas florestas seja crucial para o nosso futuro coletivo, até muito recentemente os esforços de medições e monitoramento foram amplamente desconexos. É essencial formarmos redes para obtermos respostas que transcendem fronteiras e horizontes de agências financiadoras. Neste estudo nós mostramos como uma comunidade global está respondendo aos desafios da pesquisa de ecossistemas tropicais, com equipes diversas medindo florestas, árvore por árvore, em milhares de parcelas monitoradas à longo prazo. Nós revisamos as maiores descobertas científicas deste trabalho, e mostramos também como este processo está mudando a ciência de florestas tropicais. Nossa abordagem principal envolve unir iniciativas de base a protocolos padronizados e gerenciamento de dados a fim de gerar resultados robustos em escalas ampliadas. Ao conectar pesquisadores tropicais e elevar seus status, nosso modelo de Rede de Pesquisa Social reconhece o papel-chave do produtor dos dados na descoberta científica. Concebida em 1999 com o RAINFOR (América do Sul), nossa rede de parcelas permanentes foi adaptada para África (AfriTRON) e Sudeste asiático (T-FORCES), e tem sido extensamente reproduzida em todo o mundo. Agora estas múltiplas iniciativas estão integradas através de uma infraestrutura cibernética do ForestPlots.net, conectando colegas de 54 países de 24 redes de parcelas. Estas iniciativas estão transformando coletivamente o entendimento das florestas tropicais e seus papéis na biosfera. Juntos nós descobrimos como, onde e por que o carbono e a biodiversidade da floresta estão respondendo às mudanças climáticas, e seus efeitos de retroalimentação. Esta duradoura colaboração pantropical revelou um grande sumidouro de carbono persistente e suas tendências, assim como tem evidenciado quais direcionadores são mais importantes, quais processos florestais são mais afetados, onde eles estão mudando, seus atrasos no tempo de resposta, e as prováveis respostas das florestas tropicais conforme o clima continua a mudar. Dessa forma, aproveitando uma notável tecnologia antiga, redes de parcelas acendem faíscas de uma moderna revolução na ciência das florestas tropicais. No futuro a humanidade pode se beneficiar incentivando estas comunidades basais que agora são coletivamente capazes de gerar conhecimentos únicos e duradouros sobre as florestas mais preciosas da Terra.
Résume
Les forêts tropicales sont les écosystèmes les plus diversifiés et les plus productifs de la planète. Si une meilleure compréhension de ces forêts est essentielle pour notre avenir collectif, jusqu'à tout récemment, les efforts déployés pour les mesurer et les surveiller ont été largement déconnectés. La mise en réseau est essentielle pour découvrir les réponses à des questions qui dépassent les frontières et les horizons des organismes de financement. Nous montrons ici comment une communauté mondiale relève les défis de la recherche sur les écosystèmes tropicaux avec diverses équipes qui mesurent les forêts arbre après arbre dans de milliers de parcelles permanentes. Nous passons en revue les principales découvertes scientifiques de ces travaux et montrons comment ce processus modifie la science des forêts tropicales. Notre approche principale consiste à relier les initiatives de base à long terme à des protocoles standardisés et une gestion de données afin de générer des résultats solides à grande échelle. En reliant les chercheurs tropicaux et en élevant leur statut, notre modèle de réseau de recherche sociale reconnaît le rôle clé de l'auteur des données dans la découverte scientifique. Conçus en 1999 avec RAINFOR (Amérique du Sud), nos réseaux de parcelles permanentes ont été adaptés à l'Afrique (AfriTRON) et à l'Asie du Sud-Est (T-FORCES) et largement imités dans le monde entier. Ces multiples initiatives sont désormais intégrées via l'infrastructure ForestPlots.net, qui relie des collègues de 54 pays à travers 24 réseaux de parcelles. Ensemble, elles transforment la compréhension des forêts tropicales et de leur rôle biosphérique. Ensemble, nous avons découvert comment, où et pourquoi le carbone forestier et la biodiversité réagissent au changement climatique, et comment ils y réagissent. Cette collaboration pan-tropicale à long terme a révélé un important puits de carbone à long terme et ses tendances, tout en mettant en évidence les facteurs les plus importants, les processus forestiers qui sont affectés, les endroits où ils changent, les décalages et les réactions futures probables des forêts tropicales à mesure que le climat continue de changer. En tirant parti d'une technologie remarquablement ancienne, les réseaux de parcelles déclenchent une révolution très moderne dans la science des forêts tropicales. À l'avenir, l'humanité pourra grandement bénéficier du soutien des communautés de base qui sont maintenant collectivement capables de générer une compréhension unique et à long terme des forêts les plus précieuses de la Terre.
Abstrak
Hutan tropika adalah di antara ekosistem yang paling produktif dan mempunyai kepelbagaian biodiversiti yang tinggi di seluruh dunia. Walaupun pemahaman mengenai hutan tropika amat penting untuk masa depan kita, usaha-usaha untuk mengkaji dan mengawas hutah-hutan tersebut baru sekarang menjadi lebih diperhubungkan. Perangkaian adalah sangat penting untuk mencari jawapan kepada soalan-soalan yang menjangkaui sempadan dan batasan agensi pendanaan. Di sini kami menunjukkan bagaimana sebuah komuniti global bertindak balas terhadap cabaran penyelidikan ekosistem tropika melalui penglibatan pelbagai kumpulan yang mengukur hutan secara pokok demi pokok dalam beribu-ribu plot jangka panjang. Kami meninjau semula penemuan saintifik utama daripada kerja ini dan menunjukkan bagaimana proses ini sedang mengubah bidang sains hutan tropika. Teras pendekatan kami memberi tumpuan terhadap penghubungan inisiatif akar umbi jangka panjang dengan protokol standar serta pengurusan data untuk mendapatkan hasil skala besar yang kukuh. Dengan menghubungkan penyelidik-penyelidik tropika dan meningkatkan status mereka, model Rangkaian Penyelidikan Sosial kami mengiktiraf kepentingan peranan pengasas data dalam penemuan saintifik. Bermula dengan pengasasan RAINFOR (Amerika Selatan) pada tahun 1999, rangkaian-rangkaian plot kekal kami kemudian disesuaikan untuk Afrika (AfriTRON) dan Asia Tenggara (T-FORCES) dan selanjutnya telah banyak dicontohi di seluruh dunia. Kini, inisiatif-inisiatif tersebut disepadukan melalui infrastruktur siber ForestPlots.net yang menghubungkan rakan sekerja dari 54 negara di 24 buah rangkaian plot. Secara kolektif, rangkaian ini sedang mengubah pemahaman tentang hutan tropika dan peranannya dalam biosfera. Kami telah bekerjasama untuk menemukan bagaimana, di mana dan mengapa karbon serta biodiversiti hutan bertindak balas terhadap perubahan iklim dan juga bagaimana mereka saling bermaklum balas. Kolaborasi pan-tropika jangka panjang ini telah mendedahkan sebuah sinki karbon jangka panjang serta arah alirannya dan juga menjelaskan pemandu-pemandu perubahan yang terpenting, di mana dan bagaimana proses hutan terjejas, masa susul yang ada dan kemungkinan tindakbalas hutan tropika pada perubahan iklim secara berterusan di masa depan. Dengan memanfaatkan pendekatan lama, rangkaian plot sedang menyalakan revolusi yang amat moden dalam sains hutan tropika. Pada masa akan datang, manusia sejagat akan banyak mendapat manfaat jika memupuk komuniti-komuniti akar umbi yang kini berkemampuan secara kolektif menghasilkan pemahaman unik dan jangka panjang mengenai hutan-hutan yang paling berharga di dunia
Azitromicina inibe a infecção por Toxoplasma gondii em oculares de fetos e reduz o parasitismo na infecção congênita e adquirida em modelo experimental de Calomys callosus
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligatory intracelullar parasite of large geographical distribution
that causes severe sequelae to fetuses of mothers infected for the first time during
pregnancy and in immunossuppressed adults. The drugs most frequently used for the
treatment of toxoplasmosis are a combination of sulfadiazine and pirimethamine plus
folinic acid. However, these drugs present severe side effects and currently their efficacy is
under study. Other medicines that are considered as alternatives for the treatment are
clindamycin, atovaquone and azithromycin. The latter has demonstrated to be effective
againts both tachyzoites and bradyzoites in vitro with lesser side effects in clinical practice.
In this study we tested the efficacy of azithromycin on the reduction of vertical
transmission of Toxoplasma, by the analyses of fetal eyes of Calomys callosus, as well as
the acquired adult infection analyzing brains of the mothers and adult males. For the
analysis of the treatment on the vertical transmission, females of C. callosus were
inoculated perorally with 20 cysts of the ME49 strain of T. gondii on the first day of
pregnancy and then received the different treatments. Fetuses and mothers brains were
collected on days 15, 17 e 19 of gestation/infection. Females were sorted into three
treatment groups: control (vehicle), azithromycin (300mg/kg/dia) and the association of the
drugs sulfadiazine (100 or 75 mg/Kg/day), pyrimethamine (100 or 50mg/Kg/day) and
folinic acid (15mg/Kg/day). The drugs were administered orally starting at different days
post-infection and animals were bled on the first day of pregnancy and on the day of
sacrifice to perform ELISA tests for the detection of anti-T. gondii antibodies. For the
analyses of acquired infection, adult males were infected and treated using the same drugs
as the females, for either the same or longer periods. After treatment, animals were
sacrificed and the brains were collected from the adults and eyes from the fetuses. All
samples were processed for immunohistochemistry, using a policlonal antibody against
T.gondii , while one of the eyes of fetuses from day 19 were also processed for real time
PCR detection of parasite DNA. Parasite load was significantly reduced in brain tissues of
females treated with azithromycin when compared to SPAf treatment. In fetuses of
azithromycin-treated mothers no parasites were detected in the eyes analyzed. No
difference was seen in parasite load when the SPAf-treated group was compared to the
control group. In brain tissues of adult males, there was significant reduction in parasite
numbers in the azithromycin-treated animals. Our study demonstrated a good efficacy of
azithromycin for the treatment of pregnant females, diminishing fetal ocular infection, as
well as for the treatment of adult animals, representing an alternative choice for the
treatment of toxoplasmosis.Universidade Federal de UberlândiaMestre em Imunologia e Parasitologia AplicadasToxoplasma gondii é um parasita intracelular obrigatório, amplamente distribuído e que
causa danos graves aos fetos quando são transmitidos durante a gestação e em adultos
imunossuprimidos. As drogas mais utilizadas para o tratamento da toxoplasmose são a
combinação de medicamentos: sulfadiazina, pirimetamina e ácido folínico. Entretanto,
essas drogas demonstram graves efeitos colaterais e, atualmente, a sua eficácia é bastante
discutida na literatura. Outros medicamentos são tidos como alternativos ao tratamento da
toxoplasmose adquirida, dentre eles a clindamicina, a atovaquona e a azitromicina. Essa
última demonstra-se eficaz no combate as formas taquizoítas e bradizoítas, in vitro , do
parasita e apresenta-se com poucos efeitos colaterais na prática clínica. Neste estudo
testamos a eficácia da azitromicina na redução da transmissão congênita de Toxoplasma
analisando olhos de fetos de Calomys callosus, bem como da infecção adquirida em
adultos através da análise do tecido cerebral de fêmeas prenhes e de machos
imunocompetentes. Para a avaliação da infecção vertical, fêmeas de C. callosus foram
inoculadas, oralmente, com 20 cistos da cepa ME49 de T. gondii no 1º dia de gestação e
tratadas com os differentes protocolos. Os fetos foram coletados nos dias 15, 17 e 19 de
gestação-infecção materna. As fêmeas foram divididas em três grupos de tratamento: PBS,
azitromicina (300mg/Kg/dia) e a combinação (SPAf) de sulfadiazina (100 ou 75
mg/Kg/dia), pirimetamina (100 ou 50mg/Kg/dia) e ácido folínico (15mg/Kg/dia). Os
medicamentos foram administrados oralmente em diferentes dias após a infecção. As
fêmeas foram sangradas no primeiro dia de gestação e no dia do sacrifício para a realização
de teste ELISA para confirmar soroconversão. Para análise da infecção adquirida, machos
de C. callosus seguiram o mesmo protocolo de infecção e tratamento das fêmeas grávidas,
mas por tempos diferentes. Os cérebros maternos e de machos adultos, bem como os olhos
dos fetos foram dissecados e embebidos em parafina para análise por imunohistoquímica
usando anticorpo policlonal anti-T. gondii. Um dos olhos de fetos sacrificados no 19º dia
foi utilizado para a detecção de DNA do parasita pela técnica de PCR em tempo real. A
quantidade de parasitas estava significantemente reduzida em tecido cerebral das fêmeas
tratadas com azitromicina quando comparados a SPAf ou com veículo. Nas regiões
oculares fetais, não foram detectados parasitas nos animais tratados com azitromicina. Não
houve diferença na infecção ocular fetal entre os animais tratados com a SPAf ou PBS. Na
infecção adquirida, a azitromicina reduziu a quantidade de parasitas em vacúolos
parasitóforos e estruturas como cistos. Nosso trabalho demonstrou a eficácia da
azitromicina no combate à infecção ocular congênita, na redução da carga parasitária nos
cérebros maternos e de machos adultos imunocompetentes mostrando ser uma possível
alternativa no tratamento da toxoplasmose
Eficácia do tratamento da Azitromicina na transmissão congênita de Toxoplasma gondii em Calomys callosus
Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Graduação)Toxoplasma gondii é um protozoário parasita intracelular obrigatório capaz de infectar uma grande variedade de hospedeiros. Quando transmitidos durante a gestação, as conseqüências para o feto são geralmente graves, especialmente no sistema nervoso central, onde ocorre inflamação e necrose, deixando lesões irreversíveis. A droga mais utilizada no tratamento da toxoplasmose durante a gestação é a espiramicina, que tem diversos efeitos colaterais. O propósito deste estudo foi testar se o macrolideo azitromicina era capaz de reduzir a transmissão plancentária de T gondii em modelo experimental no roedor Calomys callosus. Fêmeas de C. callosus foram inoculadas por via oral com 20 cistos da cepa ME-49 de T gondii no dia da fertilização, determinado pela presença da rolha vaginal. Fetos e placentas foram coletados do 15° ao 20° dia de gestação, sendo que cérebro e olhos foram fixados em formalina e embebidos em parafina para análise imunohistoquímica usando anticorpo monoclonal contra TgSAG1. O cérebro e o figado, assim como a placenta, foram macerados e inoculados intraperitonealmente em camundongos Swiss para análise sorológica. No grupo controle, Toxoplasma foi detectado em todos os cortes de cérebro e em cortes oculares dos dias gestacionais 17 e 19, enquanto que no grupo tratado com azitromicina, só houve detecção de taquizoitas em cortes de cérebro do dia gestacional 16, sendo todos os cortes oculares negativos para a presença do parasita. No modelo estudado, o tratamento de fêmeas grávidas com azitromicina diminuiu a transmissão congênita de T. gondii
Seroprevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in pigs in southern Piauí
This study is aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors associated with T. gondii infection in pigs. We evaluated 143 pigs, in 10 randomly-chosen farms located in Southern Piauí. The pig's blood serum was analyzed through ELISA in detection of anti-T. gondii antibodies. A seroprevalence of 25.5% was observed in the pigs that reacted against T. gondii antigens. The data from the records demonstrated an association with some factors such as: age, diet, type of management, breed and presence of cats in the farms with a prevalence of T. gondii. With the exception of sex, all others features represent risk factors for T. gondii infection. Furthermore, our data contributed to the understanding of the T. gondii seroprevalence in pig farms located in Southern Piauí
Lysophosphatidylcholine Triggers TLR2- and TLR4- Mediated Signaling Pathways but Counteracts LPSInduced NO Synthesis in Peritoneal Macrophages by Inhibiting NF-κB Translocation and MAPK/ERK Phosphorylation
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Previous issue date: 2013Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Centro de Ciências da Saúde. Instituto de Bioquímica Médica. Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia. Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular- INCT-EM. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Centro de Ciências da Saúde. Instituto de Bioquímica Médica. Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia. Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular- INCT-EM. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.University of Texas at El Paso. Department of Biological Sciences. The Border Biomedical Research Center. El Paso, Texas, USA.University of Texas at El Paso. Department of Biological Sciences. The Border Biomedical Research Center. El Paso, Texas, USA / Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto. Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular Patogênicos. Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.University of Texas at El Paso. Department of Biological Sciences. The Border Biomedical Research Center. El Paso, Texas, USA.University of Texas at El Paso. Department of Biological Sciences. The Border Biomedical Research Center. El Paso, Texas, USA / Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto. Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular Patogênicos. Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Centro de Ciências da Saúde. Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho. Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Centro de Ciências da Saúde. Instituto de Bioquímica Médica. Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia. Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular- INCT-EM. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Centro de Ciências da Saúde. Instituto de Bioquímica Médica. Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia. Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular- INCT-EM. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Background: Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is the main phospholipid component of oxidized low-density lipoprotein
(oxLDL) and is usually noted as a marker of several human diseases, such as atherosclerosis, cancer and diabetes.
Some studies suggest that oxLDL modulates Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. However, effector molecules that are
present in oxLDL particles and can trigger TLR signaling are not yet clear. LPC was previously described as an
attenuator of sepsis and as an immune suppressor. In the present study, we have evaluated the role of LPC as a
dual modulator of the TLR-mediated signaling pathway.
Methodology/Principal Findings: HEK 293A cells were transfected with TLR expression constructs and stimulated
with LPC molecules with different fatty acid chain lengths and saturation levels. All LPC molecules activated both
TLR4 and TLR2-1 signaling, as evaluated by NF-қB activation and IL-8 production. These data were confirmed by
Western blot analysis of NF-қB translocation in isolated nuclei of peritoneal murine macrophages. However, LPC
counteracted the TLR4 signaling induced by LPS. In this case, NF-қB translocation, nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and
the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were blocked. Moreover, LPC activated the MAP Kinases
p38 and JNK, but not ERK, in murine macrophages. Interestingly, LPC blocked LPS-induced ERK activation in
peritoneal macrophages but not in TLR-transfected cells.
Conclusions/Significance: The above results indicate that LPC is a dual-activity ligand molecule. It is able to trigger
a classical proinflammatory phenotype by activating TLR4- and TLR2-1-mediated signaling. However, in the
presence of classical TLR ligands, LPC counteracts some of the TLR-mediated intracellular responses, ultimately
inducing an anti-inflammatory phenotype; LPC may thus play a role in the regulation of cell immune responses and
disease progression
Specific cell-mediated immune responses elicited by immunization with microneme proteins.
<p>Spleen cells were harvested from immunized (indicated as TgMICs) and control mice (PBS) on day 15 post the last antigen injection and cultured in the presence of medium only, STAg (10 μg/ml), or Concanavalin A (2 μg/ml) for 72 h. (A) Proliferation of spleen cells was measured by [3H]-thymidine incorporation assay. Each bar represents the average of four mice per group and is representative of three independent experiments. Statistical significance is denoted as *p < 0.05 compared to the control group. (B–D) Cytokine concentration was measured by ELISA in the supernatant of spleen cell cultures. Panels show the IL-12 (B), IFNγ(C), and IL-10 (D) concentrations. Each bar represents the mean ± SD of triplicate samples and the results are representative of three independent experiments. Statistical significance is denoted as *p < 0.05 compared to PBS-inoculated mice; # p < 0.05 compared to non-stimulated cells of the same group.</p