Protective effects of diet containing rutin against trichlorfon-induced muscle bioenergetics disruption and impairment on fatty acid profile of silver catfish Rhamdia quelen

Trichlorfon is an organophosphate insecticide that is widely used on fish farms to control parasitic infections. It has been detected in freshwater ecosystems as well as in fishery products. There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that certain feed additives may reduce or prevent pesticide-induced toxicity in fish. The aim of the present study was to determine whether acute exposure to trichlorfon would alter bioenergetic homeostasis and alter fatty acid profiles in muscles of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). We also sought to determine whether rutin prevents or reduces these effects. Cytosolic and mitochondrial creatine kinase (CK) and activities of complexes II-III and IV in muscle were significantly inhibited by exposure to 11 mg/L trichlorfon for 48 h compared to effects in the unexposed group. Total content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 and omega-6) were significantly lower in muscle of silver catfish exposed to 11 mg/L trichlorfon for 48 h than in the unexposed group. Addition of 3 mg rutin/kg feed increased CK activity and prevented inhibition of complex IV activity, as well as preventing all alterations of muscle fatty acid profiles elicited by exposure to trichlorfon. No significant differences were observed between groups with respect to muscle adenylate kinase or pyruvate kinase activities, as well as total content of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. Our findings suggest that exposure (48 h) to 11 mg trichlorfon/L water inhibits cytosolic and mitochondrial CK activity in muscle. Trichlorfon also affects activities of complexes II-III and IV in respiratory chain, with important consequences for adenosine triphosphate production. The pesticide alters fatty acid profiles in the fish and endangers human consumers of the product. The most important finding of the present study is that inclusion of rutin improves bioenergetic homeostasis and muscle fatty acid profiles, suggesting that it reduces trichlorfon-induced muscle damage

Anesthesia of silver catfish with eugenol: time of induction, cortisol response and sensory analysis of fillet

The aim of this study was to identify the time of anesthetic induction and recovery of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) exposed to eugenol. It was also determined the efficacy of the anesthetic as a stress reducing agent and performed a sensory analysis of the fillets from fish exposed to this substance. The silver catfish were exposed to air for 1min to carry out biometry, and blood was collected at 0, 1 and 4 hours later. Eugenol can be used in the range of 20-50mg L-1 for anesthetic induction in silver catfish, and recovery time from anesthesia was not affected by eugenol concentration. The control group showed significantly higher cortisol levels 4 hours after biometry than at time zero. Fish anesthetized with eugenol (50mg L-1) presented significantly lower plasma cortisol levels than control fish at the same time. These data indicate that eugenol inhibits the rise of cortisol in the blood. The sensory analysis test demonstrated that eugenol modifies the flavor of the fillet and therefore is contra-indicated for anesthetization of silver catfish that are intended for human consumption

Production and composition of ovine milk during the first seven weeks of lactation

Aiming to evaluate the production and composition of ovine milk in relation to two feeding systems, during the first seven weeks of lactation, this project took place in the Department of Zootechny at the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. Ten sheep were used and their respective daughters were randomly distributed, 24 hours after birth, in two treatments: ALIM1: sheep fed with sorghum silage and concentrate in the ratio voluminous: concentrate 80:20 as dry matter, and ALIM2: sheep fed with silage and concentrate in the ratio voluminous: concentrate 60:40 as dry matter. The production of milk from the sheep was evaluated during seven weeks, using the indirect double weighing method, in which samples of milk were collected to determine fat and lactose values. The ALIM2 sheep had a higher production of milk than ALIM1 sheep, showing productions of 1.50 and 1.36 kg/d, respectively. For fat percentage, the sheep fed with ALIM1 showed values of 3.11 and 2.56% for ALIM2, and for lactose the ALIM1 sheep showed higher values, which were 4.74 and 4.56%, respectively. The ALIM2 treatment demonstrated better results in milk production, in the considered period.Com objetivo de avaliar a produção e composição do leite ovino em relação a dois sistemas de alimentação e durante as primeiras sete semanas de lactação, realizou-se este trabalho no Departamento de Zootecnia na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. Foram utilizadas 10 ovelhas e suas filhas distribuídas aleatoriamente, 24 horas após o nascimento, em dois tratamentos: ALIM1: ovelhas alimentadas com silagem de sorgo e concentrado na proporção volumoso: concentrado 80:20 na matéria seca, e ALIM2: ovelhas alimentadas com silagem e concentrado na proporção volumoso: concentrado 60:40 na matéria seca. A produção de leite das ovelhas foi avaliada durante sete semanas, pelo método de dupla pesagem indireto, onde foram coletas as amostras de leite para determinação de gordura e lactose. As ovelhas da ALIM2 tiveram uma maior produção de leite do que as da ALIM1, apresentando produções de 1,50 e 1,36 kg/d, respectivamente. Para a percentagem de gordura a ALIM1 obteve valores de 3,11% e 2,56% para a ALIM2 e para lactose a ALIM1 obteve maiores valores sendo de 4,74 e 4,56%, respectivamente. O tratamento ALIM2 foi o que apresentou melhores resultados em produção de leite no período considerado

Produção e composição do leite ovino durante as sete primeiras semanas de lactação

Aiming to evaluate the production and composition of ovine milk in relation to two feeding systems, during the first seven weeks of lactation, this project took place in the Department of Zootechny at the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. Ten sheep were used and their respective daughters were randomly distributed, 24 hours after birth, in two treatments: ALIM1: sheep fed with sorghum silage and concentrate in the ratio voluminous: concentrate 80:20 as dry matter, and ALIM2: sheep fed with silage and concentrate in the ratio voluminous: concentrate 60:40 as dry matter. The production of milk from the sheep was evaluated during seven weeks, using the indirect double weighing method, in which samples of milk were collected to determine fat and lactose values. The ALIM2 sheep had a higher production of milk than ALIM1 sheep, showing productions of 1.50 and 1.36 kg/d, respectively. For fat percentage, the sheep fed with ALIM1 showed values of 3.11 and 2.56% for ALIM2, and for lactose the ALIM1 sheep showed higher values, which were 4.74 and 4.56%, respectively. The ALIM2 treatment demonstrated better results in milk production, in the considered period.Com objetivo de avaliar a produção e composição do leite ovino em relação a dois sistemas de alimentação e durante as primeiras sete semanas de lactação, realizouse este trabalho no Departamento de Zootecnia na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. Foram utilizadas 10 ovelhas e suas filhas distribuïdas aleatoriamente, 24 horas após o nascimento, em dois tratamentos: ALIM1: ovelhas alimentadas com silagem de sorgo e concentrado na proporção volumoso: concentrado 80:20 na matéria seca, e ALIM2: ovelhas alimentadas com silagem e concentrado na proporção volumoso: concentrado 60:40 na matéria seca. A produção de leite das ovelhas foi avaliada durante sete semanas, pelo método de dupla pesagem indireto, onde foram coletas as amostras de leite para determinação de gordura e lactose. As ovelhas da ALIM2 tiveram uma maior produção de leite do que as da ALIM1, apresentando produções de 1,50 e 1,36 kg/d, respectivamente. Para a percentagem de gordura a ALIM1 obteve valores de 3,11% e 2,56% para a ALIM2 e para lactose a ALIM1 obteve maiores valores sendo de 4,74 e 4,56%, respectivamente. O tratamento ALIM2 foi o que apresentou melhores resultados em produção de leite no perïodo considerado

Anesthetic induction of juveniles of Rhamdia quelen and Ctenopharyngodon idella with Ocimum micranthum essential oil

ABSTRACT: Anesthetics are effective to reduce or minimize stress in handling operations related to fish cultures. Aiming to avoid residual effects of synthetic drugs, several natural agents, such as essential oils (EOs), have been tested. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal concentration of the EO of Ocimum micranthum for induction of anesthesia in juveniles of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Results demonstrated that the most suitable concentration to sedate silver catfish and carp is 25μL/L, while to anesthetize 200μL/L is more suitable for silver catfish and 100μL/L for grass carp, because these concentrations induce deep anesthesia in less than three min and recovery in less than five min. Analysis of the EO constituents showed methyl chavicol, a compound with carcinogenic potential, as the major component (58.2%). Therefore, the EO of O. micranthum is not recommended for fish anesthesia if the fish are to be used as food

Efficacy of eugenol and the methanolic extract of Condalia buxifolia during the transport of the silver catfish Rhamdia quelen

This study evaluated extracts of Condalia buxifolia as anesthetics for the silver catfish Rhamdia quelen. The effectiveness of eugenol and of the methanolic extract (ME) of C. buxifolia during the transport of this species was also assessed. Fish of two different weights (1.50±0.02 g and 165.70±22.50 g) were transferred to aquaria containing water with the C. buxifolia ME or with fractions obtained from the ME, such as the n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butane and aqueous fractions, at concentrations from 0-300 °L L-1. The C. buxifolia ME in the 0.5-120 °L L-1range caused only light sedation, and the fractions did not have an effect on the fish. In the second experiment, another group of fish was transported for 12 h in 15 plastic bags. The fish were divided into five groups: control, 1 or 2.5 °L L-1 eugenol and 25 or 50 °L L-1C. buxifolia ME. The non-ionized ammonia levels were lower at the end of transport in the groups with the compounds than in that with water alone. Moreover, both compounds decreased the Na+, Cl-, and K+ net effluxes; therefore, their addition to the water during transport is advisable because they reduce fish mortality and ion loss

Anesthesia of silver catfish with eugenol: time of induction, cortisol response and sensory analysis of fillet Anestesia de jundiás com eugenol: tempo de indução, resposta ao cortisol e análise sensorial do filé

The aim of this study was to identify the time of anesthetic induction and recovery of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) exposed to eugenol. It was also determined the efficacy of the anesthetic as a stress reducing agent and performed a sensory analysis of the fillets from fish exposed to this substance. The silver catfish were exposed to air for 1min to carry out biometry, and blood was collected at 0, 1 and 4 hours later. Eugenol can be used in the range of 20-50mg L-1 for anesthetic induction in silver catfish, and recovery time from anesthesia was not affected by eugenol concentration. The control group showed significantly higher cortisol levels 4 hours after biometry than at time zero. Fish anesthetized with eugenol (50mg L-1) presented significantly lower plasma cortisol levels than control fish at the same time. These data indicate that eugenol inhibits the rise of cortisol in the blood. The sensory analysis test demonstrated that eugenol modifies the flavor of the fillet and therefore is contra-indicated for anesthetization of silver catfish that are intended for human consumption.<br>O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar o tempo de indução e recuperação anestésica de jundiás (Rhamdia quelen) expostos ao eugenol, bem como a eficácia desse anestésico na inibição do estresse e realizar análise sensorial dos filés dos peixes expostos a essa substância. Os jundiás foram expostos ao ar por um minuto para realização da biometria, e o sangue foi coletado zero, uma e quatro horas depois. O eugenol pode ser usado na faixa de 20-50mg L-1 para a indução da anestesia em jundiás, e o tempo de recuperação da anestesia não foi afetado pela concentração do eugenol. O grupo de controle mostrou níveis significativamente mais elevados do cortisol quatro horas após a biometria que no tempo zero. Os peixes anestesiados com eugenol (50mg L-1) apresentaram níveis significativamente mais baixos do cortisol plasmático do que peixes do grupo de controle do mesmo tempo. Esses dados indicam que o eugenol inibe o aumento do cortisol no sangue. O teste sensorial demonstrou que o eugenol modifica o sabor dos filés e consequentemente é contra-indicado para a anestesia do jundiá quando o filé for destinado ao consumo humano

Crescimento de regiões da carcaça de cordeiros abatidos com diferentes pesos Growth of carcass parts in slaughter lambs with different weights

O trabalho foi realizado no Setor de Ovinocultura do Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, objetivando determinar o crescimento das principais partes da carcaça e suas proporções em relação ao peso de corpo vazio e peso de carcaça fria de cordeiros abatidos com diferentes pesos. Foram utilizados 22 cordeiros machos inteiros, filhos de carneiros Texel e ovelhas cruzas (Texel x Ideal). Destes, quatro foram abatidos no início do experimento (24 horas após o nascimento), seis ao desmame (45 dias de idade) e os remanescentes aos 28 (6 animais) ou 33 kg (6 animais). Os cordeiros foram confinados em baias individuais, com suas respectivas mães, até o desmame. A determinação do crescimento dos cortes da carcaça foi realizada através de equações alométricas, utilizando-se o logaritmo do peso de cada região da carcaça, em função do logaritmo do PCF ou PCV. As proporções de quarto, paleta e pescoço, em relação ao PCV, foram semelhantes (P>0,05) nos pesos de abates estudados, no entanto, houve diferença (P<0,05) entre costela e espinhaço. Em relação ao PCF, houve diferença (P<0,05) entre os pesos de abate para as proporções de quarto, costela e pescoço. Os coeficientes de alometria encontrados demonstram que a costela é o corte de crescimento mais tardio, enquanto que as demais partes da carcaça são de crescimento precoce.<br>This work was performed at the Ovine Section of Animal Science Department, at Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the growth of the carcass cuts and percentages in relation to the empty body weight and cold carcass weight of lambs slaughtered at different weights. Twenty-two intact male lambs, sired by Texel males, from crossbreed Texel-Ideal dams were used. Four lambs were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment (24 hours after birth) and three groups of six lambs were slaughtered at weaning and when reaching the weight of 28 and 33kg. The lambs were confined in individual stall together, with their respective mothers until weaning (45 days of age). To study the growth of the different cuts of the carcass, regression equation of the log. of the weight of each part, as a function of the log. of the empty body weight or cold carcass weight were fitted. The percentages of hindquarter, shoulder and neck in relation to the empty body weight were similar (P>0.05) in the weights studied, and of rib and backbone were different (P<0.05). In relation to the cold carcass weight the percentage of hindquarter, rib and neck showed difference (P<0.05). Among the cuts, the rib was late matured and the other cuts were early matured

Protective effects of diet containing rutin against trichlorfon-induced muscle bioenergetics disruption and impairment on fatty acid profile of silver catfish Rhamdia quelen

Trichlorfon is an organophosphate insecticide that is widely used on fish farms to control parasitic infections. It has been detected in freshwater ecosystems as well as in fishery products. There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that certain feed additives may reduce or prevent pesticide-induced toxicity in fish. The aim of the present study was to determine whether acute exposure to trichlorfon would alter bioenergetic homeostasis and alter fatty acid profiles in muscles of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). We also sought to determine whether rutin prevents or reduces these effects. Cytosolic and mitochondrial creatine kinase (CK) and activities of complexes II-III and IV in muscle were significantly inhibited by exposure to 11 mg/L trichlorfon for 48 h compared to effects in the unexposed group. Total content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 and omega-6) were significantly lower in muscle of silver catfish exposed to 11 mg/L trichlorfon for 48 h than in the unexposed group. Addition of 3 mg rutin/kg feed increased CK activity and prevented inhibition of complex IV activity, as well as preventing all alterations of muscle fatty acid profiles elicited by exposure to trichlorfon. No significant differences were observed between groups with respect to muscle adenylate kinase or pyruvate kinase activities, as well as total content of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. Our findings suggest that exposure (48 h) to 11 mg trichlorfon/L water inhibits cytosolic and mitochondrial CK activity in muscle. Trichlorfon also affects activities of complexes II-III and IV in respiratory chain, with important consequences for adenosine triphosphate production. The pesticide alters fatty acid profiles in the fish and endangers human consumers of the product. The most important finding of the present study is that inclusion of rutin improves bioenergetic homeostasis and muscle fatty acid profiles, suggesting that it reduces trichlorfon-induced muscle damage

Efficacy of eugenol and the methanolic extract of condalia buxifolia during the transport of the silver catfish rhamdia quelen

This study evaluated extracts of Condalia buxifolia as anesthetics for the silver catfish Rhamdia quelen. The effectiveness of eugenol and of the methanolic extract (ME) of C. buxifolia during the transport of this species was also assessed. Fish of two different weights (1.50±0.02 g and 165.70±22.50 g) were transferred to aquaria containing water with the C. buxifolia ME or with fractions obtained from the ME, such as the n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butane and aqueous fractions, at concentrations from 0-300 μL L-1. The C. buxifolia ME in the 0.5-120 μL L-1 range caused only light sedation, and the fractions did not have an effect on the fish. In the second experiment, another group of fish was transported for 12 h in 15 plastic bags. The fish were divided into five groups: control, 1 or 2.5 μL L-1 eugenol and 25 or 50 μL L-1 C. buxifolia ME. The non-ionized ammonia levels were lower at the end of transport in the groups with the compounds than in that with water alone. Moreover, both compounds decreased the Na+, Cl-, and K+ net effluxes; therefore, their addition to the water during transport is advisable because they reduce fish mortality and ion loss.Este estudo investigou extratos de Condalia buxifolia como anestésico para jundiá Rhamdia quelen, e também a eficiência do eugenol e do extrato metanólico (EM) de C. buxifolia para utilização durante o transporte dessa espécie. Peixes de dois diferentes pesos (1,50±0,02 g e 165,70±22,50 g) foram transferidos para aquários contendo água com o EM de C. buxifolia ou frações obtidas a partir do EM (n-hexano, acetato de diclorometano, etil n- butano e aquoso, em concentrações na faixa de 0 - 300 μL L-1. O EM de C. buxifolia em concentrações na faixa de 0,5 - 120 μL L-1 causou somente uma sedação leve e as frações não tiveram efeito. No segundo experimento outro grupo de peixes foi transportado por 12 h em 15 sacos plásticos divididos em cinco tratamentos: controle, 1 ou 2,5 μL L-1 de eugenol e 25 ou 50 μL L-1 de EM de C. buxifolia. Os níveis de amônia nãoionizada foram menores nos tratamentos com ambos compostos em relação à água (controle). Além disso, ambos compostos diminuíram os efluxos líquidos de Na+, Cl- e K+ e, portanto, sua adição na água de transporte é aconselhável, pois reduzem a mortalidade e a perda de íons dos peixes