Aplicaciones de la energía solar al tratamiento térmico de suelos de invernadero

El cultivo bajo invernadero ofrece problemas de aparición repetitiva de patógenos en el suelo que pueden hacer peligrar la viabilidad de la producción. Los métodos de control físico de patógenos, como la solarización y los tratamientos con vapor de agua, se han manifestado en ensayos realizados por diversos patólogos como una eficaz solución a los problemas agronómicos y medio ambientales producidos por el uso de tratamientos químicos. La solarización consiste en mantener durante 6 a 8 semanas el suelo a temperaturas próximas a los 45ºC en la época estival de máxima insolación, usando par ello láminas de plástico transparente. De esta forma se eliminan la mayor parte de los patógenos del suelo sin afectar a la microflora y microfauna auxiliares del mismo. La desinfestación con vapor de agua elimina todos los patógenos del suelo. Sin embargo, temperaturas por encima de 82ºC pueden causar problemas agronómicos y patológicos en el mismo, aunque el principal inconveniente de este método es su alto coste económico y energético. En esta tesis doctoral se demuestra que el uso de energía solar activa disminuye las limitaciones de los sistemas de tratamiento del suelo por solarización y vapor de agua por las siguientes razones: Los panes solares planos y los concertadores cilíndrico-parabólicos disminuyen el tiempo invertido en el tratamiento por somatización, evitan dejar la parcela improductiva el año en que se realiza el tratamiento y permiten la elección de la fecha de tratamiento por parte del agricultor y el uso de estas técnicas en meses no hábiles para el tratamiento solar pasivo. El uso de energía solar térmica activa, mediante paneles solares planos y concertadores cilíndrico parabólicos, supone un ahorro de energía convencionales y minimiza el impacto medio ambiental producido por su utilización

III Jornada de Innovación Docente

Este libro es la consecuencia de la III Jornada de Innovación Docente de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, celebradas el 25 de junio en el campus de Toledo

Contents and Spatial Distribution of Arsenic in Vineyard Soils in Mediterranean Environment

This study presents the contents and spatial distribution of arsenic (As) in vineyard soils from the Valdepeñas Protected Designation Origin (PDO) in central Spain. As content varies within the 108.40–0.03 mg·kg−1 range in surface horizons, and within 151.00–0.03 mg·kg−1 in subsurface horizons. The mean value of both horizons is similar: 4.25 and 4.88 mg·kg−1, respectively. Based on optimal spatial interpolation, the spatial distribution of As in soils was mapped by the IDV method. A simple data and map analysis suggests that pedogeogenic sources are the main sources for As (the As distribution tends to match the lithology and soil types), which indicates minor anthropogenic sources, mainly by agricultural sector activities. Only a high As concentration appears in the NE area, where sporadic moderate contamination is estimated based on Dutch criteria. The data obtained from the study area provide a broader view of the concentration, distribution, enrichment, sources, and the potential environmental contamination by As in the vineyard soils of this large winegrowing zone. The assessment of the results indicates that As does not afect agriculture (vineyards) in the study area because its concentrations are low in the soil types used by agriculture. These data can be employed as a guide to learn the range of values in vineyard soils in the European Mediterranean Region that are relatively unpolluted from industrial sources to make comparisons to more polluted areasOpen Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. This research was supported by the Valdepeñas Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) “Denominación de Origen Valdepeñas Asociación Interprofesional” (project number UCTR180065

Understanding the quality of local vineyard soils in distinct viticultural areas: a case study in Alcubillas (La Mancha, central Spain)

The essential features of the soils of a pilot zone in La Mancha (Central Spain), namely the Alcubillas municipability, have been characterized. The soil properties that may contribute to a better understanding of the impact of soil on grape production have also, been evaluated. For this, several soil profiles have been described and analyzed and the profiles have been mapped. The soils are mainly Entisols, Inceptisols and Alfisols, with their evolution controlled by the action of a xerophytic Mediterranean climate. Most of these soils have a loamy clay texture, with medium clay contents and sufficient nutrient contents (despite the low content in organic matter 1.39% and 1.04%, and the high concentrations of calcium carbonate 23.7% and 26.9% in the surface and subsurface horizons, respectively). Drainage problems were not observed and it can therefore be stated that the Alcubillas vineyards are based on a ‘terroir’ term for the production of high quality grapes. In general, the soils are not subjected to treatments to control possible diseases or pests and we have therefore postulated that the soils represent the ideal scenario to establish a distinctive zone and for the increasingly valued ecological and natural viticultureThis research was funded by “Denominación de origen Valdepeñas” (denomination of origen), grant number UCTR18006

Characteristics of vineyard soils derived from Plio-Quaternary landforms (raña or rañizo) in southern Europe

Soil is an essential component in viticulture. The study reported here concerns the assessment of the morphology chemical and physicochemical features of typical, well-developed and representative evolved Mediterranean soils near Anchuras (Spain, southern Europe), a site with soils that developed on old landforms (Plio-Quaternary) called ‘raña’ and/or ‘rañizo’. The soils under study were described and sampled by conducting soil surveys. Selected soil properties, such as texture, bulk density, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), cation exchange capacity (CEC) and contents of organic matter, nutrients, etc., were analysed using standard procedures. The results showed that these landscape surfaces were, linked with specific soil properties such as low pH (from 4.4 to 5.3) and EC (from 0.15 to 0.02 dSm 1 ), clay contents (20.1%–48.8%), high CEC (26–39 cmol/kg), and low base saturation values (from 11.2% to 17.2%), and have an adequate and singular pedological potential in relation to the ‘terroir’ or ‘terron’ concepts that meet suitability criteria. Furthermore, the information provided by this study, fundamentally through the weathering indices, supports the role of soil-forming factors and their influence on soil properties. In addition, as these landforms and underlying materials have abundant and extensive rock fragments, the role of these soils in the context of vineyard growth and development has been investigatedThis research was supported by the Winerin Eldoze (Project number UCTR180065

A morphological approach to evaluating the nature of vineyard soils in semiarid Mediterranean environment

La Mancha (Central Spain) is one of the most extensive vineyard regions in the world, and ‘Valdepeñas’ is a representative Protected Denomination of Origin (PDO) in this region. However, what are their main soil types? what kind of horizons are the most common? and what is the role of the geomorphological positions in their pedodiversity? After describing and sampling 90 soil profiles in this area, Alfisols, Inceptisols and Entisols were mainly identified in Soil Taxonomy terms; in other words, Luvisols, Cambisols, Regosols, Leptosols and a highly significant proportion of Calcisols according to FAO-UNESCO-ISSS. The accumulation of carbonate, the thickness of which varies from a diffuse or powdery form to crusted forms, appear sometimes like polycyclic. The presence of red soils, with or without a calcic or petrocalcic horizon, indicates the most representative edaphic stages in this region. Consequently, the morphological signature is calcic or petrocalcic, followed by argillic and/or cambic horizons, under ochric horizons. It can be concluded that the nature of soils in Valdepeñas can be considered a differential factor to bear in mind for quality viticultural production. Highlights: There are unknown conceptual zones in support production of wine. A comprehensive study in a local case was performed due to its traditional production of vineyards. This study highlights the importance and uniqueness of the calcic and petrocalcic horizons. A disconnect exists between some tradicional viticultural zones with low reputation and the real value of their soil

Exploring the presence of five rare earth elements in vineyard soils on different lithologies: Campo de Calatrava, Spain

The aim of the work described here was to understand the pedogeochemical signature of five rare earth elements (REEs; Ce, Nd, La, Y, and Sc) in vineyard soils in Campo de Calatrava (a unique territory with calcareous, volcanic and metamorphic rocks). The mean contents in surface horizons of Ce, Nd, La, Y, and Sc were 65.7, 32.0, 35.5, 18.8, and 13.9 mg·kg–1, respectively. In subsurface horizons the contents were Ce 62.8, Nd 31.1, La 35.7, Y 17.9, and Sc 14.4 mg·kg–1 . The results show that mean contents of REEs in the area under investigation are in the order Ce > Nd > La > Y > Sc. Ce has a very high range, with a value close to 150 mg·kg–1 . On the other hand, concentrations of Ce, Nd, Y, and Sc are higher in soils on volcanic material than in soils on nonvolcanic material, while only La values are lower in soils on volcanic rocks. The distributional maps of REEs in surface and subsurface horizons suggest that parent material and pedogenesis such as argillization and calcium carbonate accumulation are more important factors than the use of REE-based fertilizers, except in certain exceptional cases (consistent with a possible specific human impact after continuous fertilization

Trace Elements Distribution in Red Soils under Semiarid Mediterranean Environment

This study states the potential trace elements (TE’s) content of red soils located at the centre region of Spain, characterized by low rainfall and slight acidity over prolonged weathering periods. For this purpose, three soil profiles from a catena were described, sampled and analyzed. The most notable characteristics are the low organic matter content and the predominantly acidic pH. Illite and kaolinite are the predominant clay minerals. The fertility of the soils is sufficient to provide most of the nutrients required, with very suitable potassium levels. The geochemical characters of this soil are: only few elements remain almost invariable across the profiles and over time, however the majority of them were directly linked with the clay content. These soils are characterized by relatively low levels of some trace elements such as Sr (64.35 mg?kg–1), Ba (303.67 mg?kg–1) and Sc (13.14 mg?kg–1); high levels of other trace elements such as V (103.92 mg?kg–1), Cr (79.9 mg?kg–1), Cu (15.18 mg?kg–1), Hf (10.26 mg?kg–1), Ni (38 mg?kg–1) and Zr (337 mg?kg–1); while the levels for rare earth elements (REE’s) such as La (48.36 mg?kg–1), Ce (95.07 mg?kg–1), Th (13.33 mg?kg–1) and Nd (42.65 mg?kg–1) are significantly high. The distribution of mayor and trace elements was directly re- lated to weathering processes, parent material and anthropogenic activities

Mineralogical and geochemical nature of calcareous vineyard soils from alcubillas (La Mancha, Central Spain)

The mineralogical and geochemical patterns of calcareous vineyard soils located in Alcubillas (La Mancha, Central Spain) have been evaluated; also their variability has been studied. The information provided by this study supports the assessment of geochemical spatial variability, the origin of these soils, their elements and the factors that control their distribution. The presence of quartz, calcite, feldspar and, in particular, illite and kaolinite is due to their inheritance from surrounding lithologies (and pedological processes), which mostly include limestones, marls and other sedimentary rocks, as well as metasedimentary rocks of Hercynian origin. Furthermore, since the presence and accumulation of certain trace elements in vineyard soils is a relevant global hazard (in particular with respect to wine production quality), the spatial distributions of Ba, Cr, Cu, Pb, Rb, Sr, V and Zr (carried out using geostatistical techniques and geometry-based interpolation methods) were investigated in order to determine the origin of these trace elements. The presence of these elements can be interpreted as being due to geogenic, pedogenic and, in certain cases, anthropic influences. The nature of certain agricultural practices, including the use of fertilizers, phytosanitary products and machinery, could explain the local increases in some trace element content