343 research outputs found

    Some uses of porous nickel in biotechnology

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    Getting Warmer: California and Massachusetts Spark a Global Warming Revolution

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    Precluding the Treasure Hunt: How the World Bank Group Can Help Investors Circumnavigate Sovereign Immunity Obstacles to ICSID Award Execution

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    This Comment highlights the frustrating road that investors travel in search of assets when states do not honor arbitration awards and discusses how the World Bank Group can unify investor–state arbitrations to preclude such hollow victories for investors. Part II introduces the contemporary framework of investor–state arbitration, including an overview of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID or the Centre), a summary of the scope of noncompliance with investor–state arbitration awards, and the unique ICSID enforcement mechanism used to address challenges to awards and noncompliance. Part III provides examples of the challenges investors face in award execution proceedings in various jurisdictions with respect to amorphous sovereign immunity laws, and highlights the need for a non-judicial solution to the issue of award noncompliance. Part IV explores the feasibility of using the World Bank Group affiliates to alleviate the need to seek out assets of recalcitrant states in efforts to satisfy arbitration awards. Part V concludes

    A teoria do direito natural em Santo Tomás de Aquino em contraposição à teoria do direito positivo em Hans Kelsen

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    sta Monografia objetiva dissecar a teoria de Santo Tomás de Aquino acerca do direito natural e a de Hans Kelsen sobre o direito positivo, abordando também os contextos históricos que auxiliaram na formação desses dois importantes pensamentos da história jurídica. No caso, a filosofia grega e o direito romano para Tomás e o iluminismo francês e o contratualismo para Kelsen. A partir daí, realizar-se-á uma comparação entre as duas doutrinas, de forma a delinear as suas diferenças e verificar a possibilidade de uma compatibilidade entre elas. Para compreendê-las e responder a tais demandas, foi necessário ir às principais obras desses dois autores, a "Suma Teológica", escrita por Santo Tomás de Aquino e a "Teoria Pura do Direito", escrita por Hans Kelsen. Somam-se às duas, as citações de outros importantes pensadores, como José Pedro Galvão de Souza, seguidor assíduo da tradição aristotélico-tomista, Norberto Bobbio, um dos maiores especialistas acerca do positivismo jurídico, e Nicola Abbagnano, cujo dicionário de filosofia é essencial para compreender uma série de conceitos abordados nessa monografia. Os livros desses três podem auxiliar no entendimento das duas teorias supracitadas, principalmente para trazê-las para o contexto do século XXI, sem criar nenhum anacronismo histórico. Além disso, já que ambas as doutrinas possuem conteúdos abstratos, algumas das suas definições podem ser difíceis de serem entendidas. Isso se verifica, por exemplo, na definição de direito natural de São Paulo: "A lei escrita no coração de cada um dos homens". À primeira vista ela pode parecer um pouco confusa, principalmente por ser abstrata e metonímica. Dessa forma, o uso de analogias e exemplos torna-se necessário para elucidar tais definições, tornando-as compreensíveis. O objetivo dessa monografia não é depreciar nenhuma das duas teorias supracitadas, pois não existe uma antinomia, e sim uma íntima ligação entre elas. Sem a presença do direito natural, o direito positivo pode tornar-se refém da vontade dos mais poderosos, pois careceria de um critério objetivo de justiça para auxiliar na formação de leis justas. Da mesma forma, sem boas leis positivadas, o direito natural pode tornar-se demasiadamente genérico, não conseguindo concretizar os direitos subjetivos e alcançar a justiça para uma comunidade de pessoas. É fulcral, portanto, realizar essa análise de forma imparcial para tornar-se possível retirar os pontos positivos dessas duas teorias sem cair em ideologias que desmerecem um dos dois lados de forma acrítica

    How to set up government-led national hygiene communication campaigns to combat COVID-19: a strategic blueprint.

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    While large-scale changes in population behaviour are required to reduce the transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus, the emergency context is not conducive to the sort of careful communications planning that would normally be required to meet such a task. Rapid strategic communications planning in a pandemic by governments is, however, possible and necessary. Steps include setting up a dedicated communications task force, mobilising partners and resources, developing a creative brief and theory of change and overseeing the creation, testing, roll out and revision of content. In this short guide, we argue that a minimum of strategic planning can be undertaken rapidly, and that good use can be made of simple principles of behaviour change, even during pandemics. Our aim here is to provide a blueprint that governments and their partners, especially in low-income settings, can follow to design, coordinate and resource national communications efforts to combat the COVID-19 pandemic immediately and for the longer term

    Electrochemically initiated release: exploring new modalities for controlled drug release

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    A series of naphthoquinone-aminophenol derivatives have been synthesized on the basis that their conjugation with a suitable drug candidate could provide a means through which the latter could be released upon the imposition of an appropriate oxidation potential. The approach is based on a three component assembly in which the naphthoquinone redox centre serves as a reporter unit allowing electrochemical interrogation without release of the drug. The central aminophenol serves as the tether to which the drug is linked via an ether bond. Upon oxidation of the aminophenol - ether component, transition of the latter to quinone imine results in the release of the drug. The electrochemical properties of the model system are investigated and the impact of the release process on the functional groups intrinsic to the drug component is critically considered

    Abdominal wall paresis as a complication of laparoscopic surgery

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    Purpose: Abdominal wall nerve injury as a result of trocar placement for laparoscopic surgery is rare. We intend to discuss causes of abdominal wall paresis as well as relevant anatomy. Methods: A review of the nerve supply of the abdominal wall is illustrated with a rare case of a patient presenting with paresis of the internal oblique muscle due to a trocar lesion of the right iliohypogastric nerve after laparoscopic appendectomy. Results: Trocar placement in the upper lateral abdomen can damage the subcostal nerve (Th12), caudal intercostal nerves (Th7-11) and ventral rami of the thoracic nerves (Th7-12). Trocar placement in the lower abdomen can damage the ilioinguinal (L1 or L2) and iliohypogastric nerves (Th12-L1). Pareses of abdominal muscles due to trocar placement are rare due to overlap in innervation and relatively small sizes of trocar incisions. Conclusion: Knowledge of the anatomy of the abdominal wall is mandatory in order to avoid the injury of important structures during trocar placement
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