Interactividad didáctica y museos

Los cambios que han afectado y afectan a la sociedad postindustrial actual tienen su eco en la manera según la cual se entiende el papel y contenido de los museos entendidos como elementos culturales relevantes. En el presente trabajo se repasa el papel que la interactividad tiene dentro de este tipo de equipamientos. Para ello, se procede a mostrar el desarrollo que la museografía interactiva ha tenido desde sus inicios hasta nuestros días, así como las críticas que desde las más diversas corrientes ha sufrido. Seguidamente se exponen las líneas de razonamiento básicas para analizar la aplicación de este tipo de museografía, desde el punto de vista de la investigación y el aprendizaje. Finalmente, se debate la importancia de elementos lúdicos y tecnológicos de las propuestas interactivas dentro del panorama museístico actual.Post-industrial society has been influenced by a myriad of changes that, at the same time, have affected the way museums are seen and used in the role they play as relevant cultural resources. This work analyses the importance of interactivity inside this type of element. To begin with, it shows the development of interactive museography from its beginnings to nowadays, as well as the criticisms that it has suffered, from different sources. The paper defines the lines of reasoning that need to be considered in order to study the application of this type of museography, focusing on tasks related to research and learning. Finally, the importance of ludic and technological elements is emphasized within the context of actual museums.Los cambios que han afectado y afectan a la sociedad postindustrial actual tienen su eco en la manera según la cual se entiende el papel y contenido de los museos entendidos como elementos culturales relevantes. En el presente trabajo se repasa el papel que la interactividad tiene dentro de este tipo de equipamientos. Para ello, se procede a mostrar el desarrollo que la museografía interactiva ha tenido desde sus inicios hasta nuestros días, así como las críticas que desde las más diversas corrientes ha sufrido. Seguidamente se exponen las líneas de razonamiento básicas para analizar la aplicación de este tipo de museografía, desde el punto de vista de la investigación y el aprendizaje. Finalmente, se debate la importancia de elementos lúdicos y tecnológicos de las propuestas interactivas dentro del panorama museístico actual

La Batalla de l'Ebre. Percepció Didàctica

El presente artículo argumenta cómo el estudio de la guerra debe impartirse en la enseñanza primaria y secundaria. La propuesta consiste en que el fenómeno bélico pueda ser estudiado en el contexto de la historia al margen de visiones ideologistas y partidarias de patriotismos. La guerra que tanto condiciona al ser humano, al territorio y a la economía ha de conocerse desde una perspectiva científica. El caso de la Guerra Civil española se convierte en un buen ejemplo que permite entender los precedentes que inciden de manera directa en nuestra sociedad actual y, por ello, el autor propone dar a conocer la importancia de un episodio de la guerra tan importante como la Batalla del Ebro. La selección de algunos textos, libros de memorias y, sobre todo, las visitas escolares al campo de batalla (localidades de Gandesa, Corbera d’Ebre, la sierra de Pàndols) pueden ser útiles para una buena didáctica acerca del conflicto bélico

Reversibility of fouling on ultrafiltration membrane by backwashing and chemical cleaning: differences in organic fractions behaviour

Membrane fouling is an inherent phenomenon in ultrafiltration (UF) membrane processes, making it necessary to periodically perform backwashes (BW) and chemical cleanings in place (CIP) to restore the initial permeability of the membrane. The objective of this study was (1) to explore systematically the effect of distinct BW-related variables (BW transmembrane pressure, duration, frequency and composition) on the reversibility of UF membrane fouling and on the permeate quality (in terms of total organic carbon, turbidity and UV absorbance) over successive filtration/BW cycles; and (2) to identify which organic fractions were most removed by the membrane and, of these, which were most detached after BW, alkaline and oxidant CIP and acid CIP episodes. For this purpose, a bench-scale outside-in hollow fibre module operated under dead-end filtration mode at constant transmembrane pressure and treating settled water from a drinking water treatment plant was employed. Dissolved organic carbon fractionation was performed by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography. Results showed that, in general, the more intensive the BW was (in terms of high transmembrane pressure, shortened frequency and prolonged duration) the more effective it was in removing fouling from the membrane. Concerning the composition of the water used for the BW, the addition of NaClO led to maximum fouling reversibility, closely followed by the combination of NaOH+NaClO, while citric acid and NaOH contributed little compared to water alone. However, results also showed that irreversible fouling was never completely avoided whatever the BW regime applied, leading to a gradual increase in the total resistance over time. Larger differences in the behaviour of the different organic fractions were observed. UF membrane preferentially retained the heaviest fraction of biopolymers (BP), while the intermediate fraction of humic substances (HS) was removed at a lower percentage and the lighter fractions seemed to entirely pass through the UF membrane. The successive application of BW and CIPs resulted in the detachment from the membrane of a significant percentage of the retained BP, whereas only a modest percentage of the retained HS.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Composition and reversibility of fouling on low-pressure membranes in the filtration of coagulated water: insights into organic fractions behaviour

The primary problem for the application of microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) membrane technology is membrane fouling. Such is the case that understanding membrane fouling has become one of the major factors driving MF and UF membrane technology for- ward. Nevertheless, identifying the constituents that most contribute to membrane fouling 20 and quantifying how they are detached when backwashing (BW) and cleaning-in-place (CIP) are applied still remains a challenging task. The aim of the present study was to quan- tify membrane fouling development during filtration and membrane fouling detachment during BW and CIP in terms of membrane permeability changes and masses of inorganic and organic constituents accumulated on the membrane. The study was conducted using 25 bench-scale MF and UF modules fed with coagulated and settled water coming from a drinking water treatment plant and operated under dead-end and cross-flow operation modes. The experiments consisted inconsecutive permeation (20 min) alternated with BW with permeate water (1.0 min) (periodically chemically assisted with NaClO and NaOH) and followed by a two-stage CIP consisting first in an oxidising and basic step (NaClO and 30 NaOH) and second in an acidic step (citric acid). Feed, permeate, retentate (when present) and cleaning discharge streams were monitored for turbidity, total and dissolved organic carbon (TOC and DOC, respectively), UV 254 and inorganic ions (Al, Fe, P). DOC was frac- tionated by high-performance size exclusion chromatography to gain insight into the beha- viour of the different organic fractions. Results showed that both MF and UF membranes 35 successfully removed turbidity, Al and Fe, whereas UV 254 was moderately removed and TOC and DOC poorly removed, with removal percentages higher for UF than for MF. With regard to the organic fractions, the largest molecular weight compounds were moderately removed while the smallest organic fractions seemed to totally permeate through both membranes. The results also showed that foulants were poorly washed out from thePeer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft