Individual-specific and subgroup level associations between stress and psychopathology in daily life:A temporal network investigation

INTRODUCTION: Stress is a risk factor for developing psychopathology. Emerging evidence suggests that daily experiences of stress may also predict symptoms during the day. It is unclear to what extent the influence of stress on psychopathology during the day is the same across individuals (including across diagnostic boundaries), and which effects are individual-specific OBJECTIVES: This study aims to reveal how stress and symptoms are interrelated in a cross-diagnostic context by modeling individual level temporal networks, and examining subgroups with similar dynamics. METHODS: Hundred twenty two young adults (43.4% women) with a wide range of psychopathology in terms of severity and type of problems completed a six-month daily diary study. We used a temporal network approach (i.e., group iterative multiple model estimation) to model how stress and ten specific symptoms (e.g., feeling down, paranoia, restlessness) were related across time at the individual-specific, subgroup, and group level. RESULTS: After controlling for the lagged influence of stress on itself, stress level predicted the level of restlessness, worrying, nervousness, and feeling down during the same day for >70% of individuals. We observed three larger subgroups with each over 20 individuals, whose temporal networks showed different dynamic patterns involving specific symptoms. Effects of stress on other specific symptoms differed across individuals, and these were not subgroup-specific. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed important overlap between individuals in terms of impact of stress on psychopathology in daily life. Subtle differences between individuals were also observed. Possibly, such differences are relevant for examining individual-specific vulnerability for future psychopathology. This requires further investigation. DISCLOSURE: No significant relationships

DRhoGEF2 Regulates Cellular Tension and Cell Pulsations in the Amnioserosa during Drosophila Dorsal Closure

Coordination of apical constriction in epithelial sheets is a fundamental process during embryogenesis. Here, we show that DRhoGEF2 is a key regulator of apical pulsation and constriction of amnioserosal cells during Drosophila dorsal closure. Amnioserosal cells mutant for DRhoGEF2 exhibit a consistent decrease in amnioserosa pulsations whereas overexpression of DRhoGEF2 in this tissue leads to an increase in the contraction time of pulsations. We probed the physical properties of the amnioserosa to show that the average tension in DRhoGEF2 mutant cells is lower than wild-type and that overexpression of DRhoGEF2 results in a tissue that is more solid-like than wild-type. We also observe that in the DRhoGEF2 overexpressing cells there is a dramatic increase of apical actomyosin coalescence that can contribute to the generation of more contractile forces, leading to amnioserosal cells with smaller apical surface than wild-type. Conversely, in DRhoGEF2 mutants, the apical actomyosin coalescence is impaired. These results identify DRhoGEF2 as an upstream regulator of the actomyosin contractile machinery that drives amnioserosa cells pulsations and apical constriction

Effective dementia education and training for the health and social care workforce: A systematic review of the literature

Ensuring an informed and effective dementia workforce is of international concern, however there remains limited understanding of how this can be achieved. This systematic review aimed to identify factors associated with effective dementia educational programmes. Critical Interpretive Synthesis underpinned by Kirkpatrick’s return on investment model for evaluation of education was applied. One hundred and fifty-two papers of variable quality were included in the review. Common features of more efficacious educational programmes included the need for educational programmes to: be relevant to participants’ role and experience; involve active face-to-face participation; underpin practice-based learning with theory; be delivered by an experienced facilitator; have a total duration of at least eight hours with individual sessions of 90 minutes or more; support application of learning in practice; and provide a structured tool or practice guideline to underpin care practice. Further robust research is required to develop the evidence base; however, the findings of this review have relevance for all working in workforce education

Focusing Personality Assessment on the Person: Modeling General, Shared, and Person Specific Processes in Personality and Psychopathology

Personality and psychopathology are composed of dynamic and interactive processes among diverse psychological systems, manifesting over time and in response to an individual’s natural environment. Ambulatory assessment techniques promise to revolutionize assessment practices by allowing access to the dynamic data necessary to study these processes directly. Assessing manifestations of personality and psychopathology naturalistically in an individual’s own ecology allows for dynamic modeling of key behavioral processes. However, advances in dynamic data collection have highlighted the challenges of both fully understanding an individual (via idiographic models) and how s/he compares to others (as seen in nomothetic models). Methods are needed that can simultaneously model idiographic (i.e., person-specific) processes and nomothetic (i.e., general) structure from intensive longitudinal personality assessments. Here we present a method, Group Iterative Multiple Model Estimation (GIMME) for simultaneously studying general, shared (i.e., in subgroups), and person-specific processes in intensive longitudinal behavioral data. We first provide introduction to the GIMME method, followed by a demonstration of its use in a sample of individuals diagnosed with personality disorder who completed daily diaries over 100 consecutive days

Focusing Personality Assessment on the Person: Modeling General, Shared, and Person Specific Processes in Personality and Psychopathology

Personality and psychopathology are composed of dynamic and interactive processes among diverse psychological systems, manifesting over time and in response to an individual’s natural environment. Ambulatory assessment techniques promise to revolutionize assessment practices by allowing access to the dynamic data necessary to study these processes directly. Assessing manifestations of personality and psychopathology naturalistically in an individual’s own ecology allows for dynamic modeling of key behavioral processes. However, advances in dynamic data collection have highlighted the challenges of both fully understanding an individual (via idiographic models) and how s/he compares to others (as seen in nomothetic models). Methods are needed that can simultaneously model idiographic (i.e., person-specific) processes and nomothetic (i.e., general) structure from intensive longitudinal personality assessments. Here we present a method, Group Iterative Multiple Model Estimation (GIMME) for simultaneously studying general, shared (i.e., in subgroups), and person-specific processes in intensive longitudinal behavioral data. We first provide introduction to the GIMME method, followed by a demonstration of its use in a sample of individuals diagnosed with personality disorder who completed daily diaries over 100 consecutive days