326 research outputs found

    The Phenomenon of Street Children in Amma Darko’s Faceless

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    One of the main issues of African countries after the period of democratization in 90s is the development of big cities which leads to street-involved children. Through this paper, Ipropose to conduct an analysis of (1)the strategies implemented so far by Amma Darko in her fiction to emphasize and draw attention on that serious (2) and growing phenomenon through her characters Fofo, Odarley, Baby T. She then gives way to her imagination by (3) suggesting means such as the alternative library to strengthen monitoring and caring centers of children in the intervention of Accra and its suburb areas. Keywords: street-child, youth, monitoring, caring centers

    DiversitĂ© et caractĂ©risation morphologique des variĂ©tĂ©s d’ananas (Ananas comosus (L.) Merrill) cultivĂ©es au BĂ©nin

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    Objectifs : Au BĂ©nin, une faible proportion de l’ananas produit pour l’exportation parvient Ă  franchir le marché international. En effet, plus de 80% des fruits produits sont dĂ©classĂ©s en raison de leur hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ©. Le but cette Ă©tude a Ă©tĂ© d’inventorier et de caractĂ©riser les variĂ©tĂ©s d’ananas cultivĂ©es au BĂ©nin en vue d’une épuration variĂ©tale.MĂ©thodologie et RĂ©sultats : Les donnĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© collectĂ©es au sud et au centre du BĂ©nin dans 11 plantations d’ananas qui sont de deux types : les plantations conventionnelles et celles traditionnelles. Les variĂ©tĂ©s et morphotypes ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s et dĂ©nombrĂ©s Ă  l’intĂ©rieur de 5 placeaux de 4 m2 dans chaque plantation. Les variĂ©tĂ©s d’ananas recensĂ©es sont au nombre de 5, Ă  savoir : Cayenne lisse, Pain de sucre, Queen, Red Spanish et Perolera. Elles renferment 16 morphotypes dont 4 pour la Cayenne lisse, 10 pour le Pain de sucre et 2 pour le Queen. Le nombre de variĂ©tĂ©s par plantation varie de 1 Ă  3, avec une moyenne de 1,91 ± 0,94. L’indice de diversitĂ© de Shannon varie de 0 Ă  1,05 bit. L’équitabilitĂ© de PiĂ©lou est comprise entre 0 et 1. Les plantations traditionnelles sont les plus diversifiĂ©es. Les variĂ©tĂ©s ou cultivars sont dĂ©signĂ©s, par la population, par 2 mots dont le premier signifie Ananas comosus et le second est un adjectif portant sur un caractĂšre propre à la variĂ©tĂ©.Conclusion et application des rĂ©sultats : Le mĂ©lange des cultivars observĂ© dans les plantations conventionnelles exige alors l’accompagnement scientifique des producteurs afin de les aider Ă  obtenir les cultivars purs et rĂ©pondant Ă  leurs attentes.Mots clĂ©s : ananas, variĂ©tĂ©, morphotypes, diversitĂ©, caractĂšres morphologique

    Exploration génomique de la déficience intellectuelle

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    La dĂ©ficience intellectuelle (DI) dĂ©finit un groupe de conditions gĂ©nĂ©tiquement hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes caractĂ©risĂ©es par l’apparition de troubles cognitifs prĂ©coces chez l’enfant. Elle affecte 1-3% de la population dans les pays industrialisĂ©s. La prĂ©valence de la DI est beaucoup plus Ă©levĂ©e ailleurs dans le monde, en raison de facteurs sociodĂ©mographiques comme le manque de ressources dans le systĂšme de santĂ©, la pauvretĂ© et la consanguinitĂ©. Des facteurs non-gĂ©nĂ©tiques sont mis en cause dans l’étiologie de la DI ; on estime qu’environ 25% des cas de DI sont d’origine gĂ©nĂ©tique. Traditionnellement, les bases molĂ©culaires de la DI ont Ă©tĂ© investiguĂ©es par des analyses cytogĂ©nĂ©tiques, les approches de cartographie gĂ©nĂ©tique et le sĂ©quençage de gĂšnes candidats ; ces techniques de gĂ©nĂ©tiques classiques sont encore mises Ă  rude Ă©preuve dans l’analyse de maladies complexes comme la DI. La DI liĂ©e Ă  l’X a Ă©tĂ© particuliĂšrement Ă©tudiĂ©e, avec plus d’une centaine de gĂšnes identifiĂ©s uniquement sur le chromosome X. Des mutations hĂ©tĂ©rozygotes composites sont mises en Ă©vidence dans la DI autosomique, dans le contexte d’unions non-consanguines. L’occurrence de ce type de mutations est rare, chez des individus non-apparentĂ©s, de sorte que les mutations dominantes de novo sont plus courantes. Des mutations homozygotes sont attendues dans les populations consanguines ou marquĂ©es par un effet fondateur. En fait, les bases molĂ©culaires de la DI autosomique ont Ă©tĂ© presqu’exclusivement Ă©tudiĂ©es dans le contexte de populations avec des forts taux de consanguinitĂ©. L’origine de la DI demeure encore inconnue dans environ 60 % des cas diagnostiquĂ©s. En l’absence de facteurs environnementaux associĂ©s Ă  la DI chez ces individus, il est possible d’envisager que des facteurs gĂ©nĂ©tiques non identifiĂ©s entrent en jeu dans ces cas de DI inexpliquĂ©s. Dans ce projet de recherche, nous voulions explorer l’origine gĂ©nĂ©tique de la DI, dans vingt familles, oĂč une transmission de la maladie selon un mode autosomique rĂ©cessif est suspectĂ©e. Nous avons mis de l’avant les techniques de sĂ©quençage de nouvelle gĂ©nĂ©ration, afin de mettre en Ă©vidence les dĂ©terminants gĂ©nĂ©tiques de la DI, Ă  l’échelle du gĂ©nome humain. En fait, nous avons priorisĂ© la capture et le sĂ©quençage de l’exome; soient la totalitĂ© des rĂ©gions codantes du gĂ©nome humain et leurs sites d’épissage flanquants. Dans nos analyses, nous avons ciblĂ© les variants qui ne sont pas rapportĂ©s trop frĂ©quemment dans diffĂ©rentes bases de donnĂ©es d’individus contrĂŽles, ces mutations rares cadrent mieux avec une condition comme la DI. Nous avons portĂ© une attention particuliĂšre aux mutations autosomiques rĂ©cessives (homozygotes et hĂ©tĂ©rozygotes composites) ; nous avons confirmĂ© que ces mutations sĂ©grĂ©guent avec une transmission rĂ©cessive dans la famille Ă  l’étude. Nous avons identifiĂ© des mutations dans des gĂšnes pouvant ĂȘtre Ă  l’origine de la DI, dans certaines des familles analysĂ©es ; nous avons validĂ© biologiquement l'impact fonctionnel des mutations dans ces gĂšnes candidats, afin de confirmer leur implication dans la pathophysiologie de la DI. Nous avons Ă©lucidĂ© les bases molĂ©culaires de la DI dans huit des familles analysĂ©es. Nous avons identifiĂ© le second cas de patients avec syndrome de cassure chromosomique de Varsovie, caractĂ©risĂ© par des dysfonctions de l’ARN hĂ©licase DDX11. Nous avons montrĂ© qu’une perte de l’activitĂ© de TBC1D7, une des sous-unitĂ©s rĂ©gulatrice du complexe TSC1-TSC2, est Ă  l’origine de la pathologie dans une famille avec DI et mĂ©galencĂ©phalie. Nous avons mis en Ă©vidence des mutations pathogĂ©niques dans le gĂšne ASNS, codant pour l’Asparagine synthĂ©tase, chez des patients prĂ©sentant une microcĂ©phalie congĂ©nitale et une forme progressive d’encĂ©phalopathie. Nous avons montrĂ© que des dysfonctions dans la protĂ©ine mitochondriale MAGMAS sont mises en cause dans une condition caractĂ©risĂ©e par un retard prononcĂ© dans le dĂ©veloppement associĂ© Ă  une forme sĂ©vĂšre de dysplasie squelettique. Nous avons identifiĂ© une mutation tronquant dans SPTBN2, codant pour la protĂ©ine spinocerebellar ataxia 5, dans une famille avec DI et ataxie cĂ©rĂ©belleuse. Nous avons Ă©galement mis en Ă©vidence une mutation dans PIGN, un gĂšne impliquĂ© dans la voie de biosynthĂšse des ancres de glycosylphosphatidylinositol , pouvant ĂȘtre Ă  l’origine de la maladie chez des individus avec Ă©pilepsie et hypotonie. Par ailleurs, nous avons identifiĂ© une mutation - perte de fonction dans CLPB, codant pour une protĂ©ine chaperonne mitochondriale, dans une famille avec encĂ©phalopathie nĂ©onatale, hyperekplexie et acidurie 3-mĂ©thylglutaconique. Le potentiel diagnostic des techniques de sĂ©quençage de nouvelle gĂ©nĂ©ration est indĂ©niable ; ces technologies vont rĂ©volutionner l’univers de la gĂ©nĂ©tique molĂ©culaire, en permettant d’explorer les bases gĂ©nĂ©tiques des maladies complexes comme la DI.Intellectual disability (ID) regroups greatly heterogeneous conditions that are characterized by early-onset cognitive impairment. ID affects about 1-3% of Western populations; but its prevalence is much higher in deprived regions of the world where socio-demographic factors like poor healthcare, lack of resources and parental consanguinity prevail. Non-genetic factors are involved in the etiology of ID; approximately 25% of ID cases are of genetic origin. Traditionally, the molecular basis of ID have been assessed through cytogenetic analyses, genetic mapping and candidate gene approaches. These classical genetic tools are still put to the test in the study of complex diseases like ID. Until recently, X-linked ID cases were the main focus of studies on ID with more than hundred ID genes identified only on the X chromosome. Compound heterozygous mutations are identified in autosomal forms of ID, in the context of non-consanguineous unions. However, the occurrence of such mutations is rare in outbred populations, so that dominant de novo mutations are most common in unrelated individuals. Homozygous mutations are expected in consanguineous unions or in populations marked by a founder effect. In fact, the molecular bases of autosomic recessive ID have been almost exclusively studied in populations with high consanguinity rates. ID remains unsolved in more than 60% of patients. In the absence of environmental factors associated with ID in these individuals, it is possible to consider that unidentified genetic factors are involved in these unexplained ID cases. In this research project, we used next generation sequencing technologies to highlight the genetic causes of ID in twenty families were an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance is expected. We prioritized the use of whole-exome sequencing, namely all coding exons in the genome of this individual. In our analyses, we filtered out variants that were too common in control individuals to describe a rare condition like ID. We focussed our attention on rare autosomic recessive varaiants (homozygous and compound heterozygous), these mutations were confirmed by Sanger re-sequencing to segregate with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance in the family. We identified mutations in candidate genes for ID in some of the family analysed, we validated the functional impact of the mutations in these genes to confirm their involvement in the pathophysiology of ID in the family studied. We explained the molecular basis of ID in eight of the families studied. We identified the second case of Warsaw-Breakage-Syndrome, a rare genetic disorder characterised by dysfunction of the RNA helicase DDX11. We showed that disruption in TBC1D7, a functional subunit of the TSC1-TSC2 protein complex, cause ID and megalencephaly. We demonstrated that ASNS, the Asparagine Synthetase gene, is defective in patients with congenital microcephaly and progressive encephalopathy. We showed that the gene coding for the mitochondrial protein MAGMAS is involved in the pathophysiology of a condition characterised by developmental delay and severe skeletal dysplasia. We identified a truncating mutation in SPTBN2, encoding for the spinocerebellar ataxia 5 proteins, in a family with ID and spinocerellar ataxia. We also identified a mutation in a gene involved in the biosynthetic pathway of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors; the mutation in PIGN may cause the epilepsy and hypotonia features observed in the affected individuals of that family. Finally, we identified a loss of function mutation in CLPB, coding for a mitochondrial chaperone, in individuals with severe encephalopathy, hypereklexia and 3-methylglutaconic aciduria. The diagnostic potential of next generation sequencing technologies is undeniable. These technologies will revolutionize the world of molecular genetics; they will help deciphering the molecular basis of complex diseases like ID

    Apprentissage automatique pour la détection de relations d'affaire

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    Les documents publiĂ©s par des entreprises, tels les communiquĂ©s de presse, contiennent une foule d’informations sur diverses activitĂ©s des entreprises. C’est une source prĂ©cieuse pour des analyses en intelligence d’affaire. Cependant, il est nĂ©cessaire de dĂ©velopper des outils pour permettre d’exploiter cette source automatiquement, Ă©tant donnĂ© son grand volume. Ce mĂ©moire dĂ©crit un travail qui s’inscrit dans un volet d’intelligence d’affaire, Ă  savoir la dĂ©tection de relations d’affaire entre les entreprises dĂ©crites dans des communiquĂ©s de presse. Dans ce mĂ©moire, nous proposons une approche basĂ©e sur la classification. Les mĂ©thodes de classifications existantes ne nous permettent pas d’obtenir une performance satisfaisante. Ceci est notamment dĂ» Ă  deux problĂšmes : la reprĂ©sentation du texte par tous les mots, qui n’aide pas nĂ©cessairement Ă  spĂ©cifier une relation d’affaire, et le dĂ©sĂ©quilibre entre les classes. Pour traiter le premier problĂšme, nous proposons une approche de reprĂ©sentation basĂ©e sur des mots pivots c’est-Ă -dire les noms d’entreprises concernĂ©es, afin de mieux cerner des mots susceptibles de les dĂ©crire. Pour le deuxiĂšme problĂšme, nous proposons une classification Ă  deux Ă©tapes. Cette mĂ©thode s’avĂšre plus appropriĂ©e que les mĂ©thodes traditionnelles de rĂ©-Ă©chantillonnage. Nous avons testĂ© nos approches sur une collection de communiquĂ©s de presse dans le domaine automobile. Nos expĂ©rimentations montrent que les approches proposĂ©es peuvent amĂ©liorer la performance de classification. Notamment, la reprĂ©sentation du document basĂ©e sur les mots pivots nous permet de mieux centrer sur les mots utiles pour la dĂ©tection de relations d’affaire. La classification en deux Ă©tapes apporte une solution efficace au problĂšme de dĂ©sĂ©quilibre entre les classes. Ce travail montre que la dĂ©tection automatique des relations d’affaire est une tĂąche faisable. Le rĂ©sultat de cette dĂ©tection pourrait ĂȘtre utilisĂ© dans une analyse d’intelligence d’affaire.Documents published by companies such as press releases, contain a wealth of information on various business activities. This is a valuable source for business intelligence analysis; but automatic tools are needed to exploit such large volume data. The work described in this thesis is part of a research project on business intelligence, namely we aim at the detection of business relationships between companies described in press releases. In this thesis, we consider business relation detection as a problem of classification. However, the existing classification methods do not allow us to obtain a satisfactory performance. This is mainly due to two problems: the representation of text using all the content words, which do not necessarily a business relationship; and the imbalance between classes. To address the first problem, we propose representations based on words that are between or close to the names of companies involved (which we call pivot words) in order to focus on words having a higher chance to describe a relation. For the second problem, we propose a two-stage classification. This method is more effective than the traditional resampling methods. We tested our approach on a collection of press releases in the automotive industry. Our experiments show that both proposed approaches can improve the classification performance. They perform much better than the traditional feature selection methods and the resampling method. This work shows the feasibility of automatic detection of business relations. The result of this detection could be used in an analysis of business intelligence

    Defective Nuclear Lamina in Aneuploidy and Carcinogenesis

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    Aneuploidy, loss or gain of whole chromosomes, is a prominent feature of carcinomas, and is generally considered to play an important role in the initiation and progression of cancer. In high-grade serous ovarian cancer, the only common gene aberration is the p53 point mutation, though extensive genomic perturbation is common due to severe aneuploidy, which presents as a deviant karyotype. Several mechanisms for the development of aneuploidy in cancer cells have been recognized, including chromosomal non-disjunction during mitosis, centrosome amplification, and more recently, nuclear envelope rupture at interphase. Many cancer types including ovarian cancer have lost or reduced expression of Lamin A/C, a structural component of the lamina matrix that underlies the nuclear envelope in differentiated cells. Several recent studies suggest that a nuclear lamina defect caused by the loss or reduction of Lamin A/C leads to failure in cytokinesis and formation of tetraploid cells, transient nuclear envelope rupture, and formation of nuclear protrusions and micronuclei during the cell cycle gap phase. Thus, loss and reduction of Lamin A/C underlies the two common features of cancer—aberrations in nuclear morphology and aneuploidy. We discuss here and emphasize the newly recognized mechanism of chromosomal instability due to the rupture of a defective nuclear lamina, which may account for the rapid genomic changes in carcinogenesis

    A dynamic clustering construction for wireless sensor networks

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    International audienceResearch in sensor networks has focused on development of energy efficient and secure infrastructures. In this article, we introduce a new approach to organize sensor networks in clusters in order to reduce energy dissipation. Our contribution is an heuristic to define the number of clusters and also an efficient manner to choose cluster heads by minimizing the distance between the cluster heads and its cluster nodes. Inspired from LEACH, a well-known TDMA cluster-based sensor network architecture, we introduce a new method for building and maintaining clusters using the paradigm of a soccer team. In this work, a new algorithm called OH-Kmeans, based on the Kmeans algorithm, is used to find dynamically the number of clusters and form them guaranteeing direct transmission between the cluster heads and cluster nodes

    Perception of differentiation cues by GATA factors in primitive endoderm lineage determination of mouse embryonic stem cells

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    AbstractThe formation of the primitive endoderm covering the inner cell mass of early mouse embryos can be simulated in vitro by the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells in culture following either aggregation of suspended cells or stimulation of cell monolayers with retinoic acid. The developmentally regulated transcription factors GATA-4 and GATA-6 have determining role in mouse extraembryonic endoderm development. We analyzed the in vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells deficient of GATA factors and conclude that GATA-4 is required for ES cells to perceive a cell positioning (cell aggregation) signal and GATA-6 is required to sense morphogenic (retinoic acid) signal. The collaboration between GATA-6 and GATA-4, or GATA-6 and GATA-5 which can substitute for GATA-4, is involved in the perception of differentiation cues by embryonic stem cells in their determination of endoderm lineage. This study indicates that the lineage differentiation of ES cells can be manipulated by the expression of GATA factors

    Alteration of Differentiation Potentials by Modulating GATA Transcription Factors in Murine Embryonic Stem Cells

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    Background. Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells can be differentiated in vitro by aggregation and/or retinoic acid (RA) treatment. The principal differentiation lineage in vitro is extraembryonic primitive endoderm. Dab2, Laminin, GATA4, GATA5, and GATA6 are expressed in embryonic primitive endoderm and play critical roles in its lineage commitment. Results. We found that in the absence of GATA4 or GATA5, RA-induced primitive endoderm differentiation of ES cells was reduced. GATA4 (−/−) ES cells express higher level of GATA5, GATA6, and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha marker of visceral endoderm lineage. GATA5 (−/−) ES cells express higher level of alpha fetoprotein marker of early liver development. GATA6 (−/−) ES cells express higher level of GATA5 as well as mesoderm and cardiomyocyte markers which are collagen III alpha-1 and tropomyosin1 alpha. Thus, deletion of GATA6 precluded endoderm differentiation but promoted mesoderm lineages. Conclusions. GATA4, GATA5, and GATA6 each convey a unique gene expression pattern and influences ES cell differentiation. We showed that ES cells can be directed to avoid differentiating into primitive endoderm and to adopt unique lineages in vitro by modulating GATA factors. The finding offers a potential approach to produce desirable cell types from ES cells, useful for regenerative cell therapy

    Genome-wide association analysis provides insights into the genetic basis of photosynthetic responses to low-temperature stress in spring barley

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    Low-temperature stress (LTS) is among the major abiotic stresses affecting the geographical distribution and productivity of the most important crops. Understanding the genetic basis of photosynthetic variation under cold stress is necessary for developing more climate-resilient barley cultivars. To that end, we investigated the ability of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (FVFM, and FVF0) to respond to changes in the maximum quantum yield of Photosystem II photochemistry as an indicator of photosynthetic energy. A panel of 96 barley spring cultivars from different breeding zones of Canada was evaluated for chlorophyll fluorescence-related traits under cold acclimation and freeze shock stresses at different times. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were performed using a mixed linear model (MLM). We identified three major and putative genomic regions harboring 52 significant quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) on chromosomes 1H, 3H, and 6H for low-temperature tolerance. Functional annotation indicated several QTNs were either within the known or close to genes that play important roles in the photosynthetic metabolites such as abscisic acid (ABA) signaling, hydrolase activity, protein kinase, and transduction of environmental signal transduction at the posttranslational modification levels. These outcomes revealed that barley plants modified their gene expression profile in response to decreasing temperatures resulting in physiological and biochemical modifications. Cold tolerance could influence a long-term adaption of barley in many parts of the world. Since the degree and frequency of LTS vary considerably among production sites. Hence, these results could shed light on potential approaches for improving barley productivity under low-temperature stress

    Biallelic disruption of DDX41 activity is associated with distinct genomic and immunophenotypic hallmarks in acute leukemia

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    IntroductionInherited DDX41 mutations cause familial predisposition to hematologic malignancies including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), with the majority of DDX41 mutated MDS/AMLs described to date harboring germline DDX41 and co-occurring somatic DDX41 variants. DDX41-AMLs were shown to share distinguishing clinical features such as a late AML onset and an indolent disease associated with a favorable outcome. However, genotype-phenotype correlation in DDX41-MDS/AMLs remain poorly understood.MethodsHere, we studied the genetic profile, bone marrow morphology and immunophenotype of 51 patients with DDX41 mutations. We further assessed the functional impact of ten previously uncharacterized DDX41 variants of uncertain significance.ResultsOur results demonstrate that MDS/AML cases harboring two DDX41 variants share specific clinicopathologic hallmarks that are not seen in other patients with monoallelic DDX41 related hematologic malignancies. We further showed that the features seen in these individuals with two DDX41 variants were concordant with biallelic DDX41 disruption.DiscussionHere, we expand on previous clinicopathologic findings on DDX41 mutated hematologic malignancies. Functional analyses conducted in this study unraveled previously uncharacterized DDX41 alleles and further illustrate the implication of biallelic disruption in the pathophysiology of this distinct AML entity
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