53 research outputs found
Perspectives of US women participating in a candidate PrEP study: adherence, acceptability and future use intentions
Introduction
Limited data exist on acceptability of candidate preâexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) regimens among US women. We evaluated PrEP experiences, attitudes and future use intentions among sexually active women who completed the USâbased HIV Prevention Trials Network 069/AIDS Clinical Trials Group 5305 study. Methods
Women participated in the study between March 2013 and November 2015. We analysed computerâassisted selfâinterview (CASI) surveys among 130 women and conducted inâdepth interviews among a subset of 26 women from three sites. Interviews were conducted in mid/lateâ2015. Results
Most women (57%) reported very good/excellent PrEP adherence on CASI, although 21% acknowledged overâreporting adherence at least some of the time. Commitment to preventing HIV infection, a sense of ownership of the study, and keeping pills stored in a visible location facilitated adherence. Adherence barriers included âsimply forgettingâ and being away from home. Most women interviewed did not intend to use PrEP in the future because of lack of perceived need due to their own (as opposed to their partnersâ) lowârisk behaviour and concerns about affordability â but not because of side effects or other characteristics of the regimens. Conclusions
Improving HIV prevention options for US women will require access to affordable PrEP as well as expanding women\u27s understanding of relationshipâ and communityâlevel factors that increase their risk of acquiring HIV
Aperture effects on Star Formation Rate, Metallicity and Reddening
(Abridged) We use 101 galaxies selected from the Nearby Field Galaxy Survey
(NFGS) to investigate the effect of aperture size on the star formation rate,
metallicity and reddening determinations for galaxies. We compare the star
formation rate, metallicity and reddening derived from nuclear spectra to those
derived from integrated spectra. For apertures capturing <20% of the B(26)
light, the differences between nuclear and global metallicity, extinction and
star formation rate are substantial. We calculate an `expected' star formation
rate using our nuclear spectra and apply the commonly-used aperture correction
method. The expected star formation rate overestimates the global value for
early type spirals, with large scatter for all Hubble types, particularly late
types. The differences between the expected and global star formation rates
probably result from the assumption that the distributions of the emission-line
gas and the continuum are identical. We discuss the implications of these
results for metallicity-luminosity relations and star formation history studies
based on fiber spectra. To reduce systematic and random errors from aperture
effects, we recommend selecting samples with fibers that capture >20% of the
galaxy light. For the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and the 2dFGRS, redshifts z>0.04
and z>0.06 are required, respectively, to ensure a covering fraction >20% for
galaxies similar to the average size, type, and luminosity observed in our
sample. Higher luminosity samples and samples containing many late-type
galaxies require a larger minimum redshift to ensure that >20% of the galaxy
light is enclosed by the fiber.Comment: 19 pages, 11 figures, 5 tables. Accepted for publication in the PAS
Perspectives of US women participating in a candidate PrEP study: adherence, acceptability and future use intentions
IntroductionLimited data exist on acceptability of candidate preĂą exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) regimens among US women. We evaluated PrEP experiences, attitudes and future use intentions among sexually active women who completed the USĂą based HIV Prevention Trials Network 069/AIDS Clinical Trials Group 5305 study.MethodsWomen participated in the study between March 2013 and November 2015. We analysed computerĂą assisted selfĂą interview (CASI) surveys among 130 women and conducted inĂą depth interviews among a subset of 26 women from three sites. Interviews were conducted in mid/lateĂą 2015.ResultsMost women (57%) reported very good/excellent PrEP adherence on CASI, although 21% acknowledged overĂą reporting adherence at least some of the time. Commitment to preventing HIV infection, a sense of ownership of the study, and keeping pills stored in a visible location facilitated adherence. Adherence barriers included Ăą simply forgettingĂą and being away from home. Most women interviewed did not intend to use PrEP in the future because of lack of perceived need due to their own (as opposed to their partnersĂą ) lowĂą risk behaviour and concerns about affordability Ăą but not because of side effects or other characteristics of the regimens.DiscussionImproving HIV prevention options for US women will require access to affordable PrEP as well as expanding womenâs understanding of relationshipĂą and communityĂą level factors that increase their risk of acquiring HIV.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/148389/1/jia225247_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/148389/2/jia225247.pd
A História da Alimentação: balizas historiogråficas
Os M. pretenderam traçar um quadro da HistĂłria da Alimentação, nĂŁo como um novo ramo epistemolĂłgico da disciplina, mas como um campo em desenvolvimento de prĂĄticas e atividades especializadas, incluindo pesquisa, formação, publicaçÔes, associaçÔes, encontros acadĂȘmicos, etc. Um breve relato das condiçÔes em que tal campo se assentou faz-se preceder de um panorama dos estudos de alimentação e temas correia tos, em geral, segundo cinco abardagens Ia biolĂłgica, a econĂŽmica, a social, a cultural e a filosĂłfica!, assim como da identificação das contribuiçÔes mais relevantes da Antropologia, Arqueologia, Sociologia e Geografia. A fim de comentar a multiforme e volumosa bibliografia histĂłrica, foi ela organizada segundo critĂ©rios morfolĂłgicos. A seguir, alguns tĂłpicos importantes mereceram tratamento Ă parte: a fome, o alimento e o domĂnio religioso, as descobertas europĂ©ias e a difusĂŁo mundial de alimentos, gosto e gastronomia. O artigo se encerra com um rĂĄpido balanço crĂtico da historiografia brasileira sobre o tema
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Two-drug regimens for treatment of naĂŻve HIV-1 infection and as maintenance therapy.
As people live longer with HIV infection, there has been a resurgence of interest in challenging the use of three-drug therapy, including two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors plus a third drug, as initial treatment of HIV infection or for maintenance therapy in virologically suppressed individuals. Although initial studies showed poor efficacy and/or substantial toxicity, more recent regimens have held greater promise. The SWORD-1 and -2 studies were pivotal trials of dolutegravir plus rilpivirine as maintenance therapy in virologically suppressed patients with no history of drug resistance, leading to the US Food and Drug Administration's approval of the regimen as a small, single tablet. More recently, the GEMINI-1 and -2 studies demonstrated that dolutegravir plus lamivudine is as safe and effective as the same regimen when combined with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in treatment-naĂŻve individuals. Together, these and other studies of novel two-drug regimens offer the potential for improved tolerability and simplicity, as well as a reduction in cost. We will review historical and recent trials of two-drug therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection
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Complex decisions: correlates of injectable contraceptive discontinuation following HIV-1 seroconversion in an HIV prevention trial.
Contraceptive adherence during acute and recent HIV-1 infection is important to maternal and child health given the elevated risk of vertical HIV-1 transmission and additional complications of pregnancy. Injectable contraception (IC) is the most common non-barrier modern contraception method used in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Adherence to IC after HIV-1 seroconversion is not well understood. We examined factors associated with IC discontinuation among women in SSA diagnosed with HIV-1 infection while participating in a clinical trial of biomedical HIV-1 prevention. After diagnosis with HIV-1 infection in the VOICE trial, 255 women from South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe enrolled in a longitudinal observational study (MTN-015). Contraceptive method was assessed at MTN-015 baseline and at 3, 12, and 24 months post-seroconversion. Correlates of IC discontinuation were examined by Cox proportional hazard modeling. IC use was reported at baseline by 78% of women enrolled (198/255), of which 92% (182/198) completed at least one follow-up visit. Two-thirds of women (66%, 121/182) continued on IC during the follow-up period (median 24 months). Lower rates of IC discontinuation were observed in women who reported having had at least one child (HR 0.39, 95% CI 0.20-0.82) or earning a personal income (HR 0.51, 95% CI 0.30-0.87) at baseline. These findings suggest that many women with HIV-1 infection face complex decision-making regarding family planning in the years that follow seroconversion and highlight that some women may discontinue IC use despite on-site provision of family planning services. Understanding the broader context of family planning choices in recently seroconverted women may be key to more effective linkages between family planning services and HIV-1 testing and care
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Complex decisions: correlates of injectable contraceptive discontinuation following HIV-1 seroconversion in an HIV prevention trial.
Contraceptive adherence during acute and recent HIV-1 infection is important to maternal and child health given the elevated risk of vertical HIV-1 transmission and additional complications of pregnancy. Injectable contraception (IC) is the most common non-barrier modern contraception method used in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Adherence to IC after HIV-1 seroconversion is not well understood. We examined factors associated with IC discontinuation among women in SSA diagnosed with HIV-1 infection while participating in a clinical trial of biomedical HIV-1 prevention. After diagnosis with HIV-1 infection in the VOICE trial, 255 women from South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe enrolled in a longitudinal observational study (MTN-015). Contraceptive method was assessed at MTN-015 baseline and at 3, 12, and 24 months post-seroconversion. Correlates of IC discontinuation were examined by Cox proportional hazard modeling. IC use was reported at baseline by 78% of women enrolled (198/255), of which 92% (182/198) completed at least one follow-up visit. Two-thirds of women (66%, 121/182) continued on IC during the follow-up period (median 24 months). Lower rates of IC discontinuation were observed in women who reported having had at least one child (HR 0.39, 95% CI 0.20-0.82) or earning a personal income (HR 0.51, 95% CI 0.30-0.87) at baseline. These findings suggest that many women with HIV-1 infection face complex decision-making regarding family planning in the years that follow seroconversion and highlight that some women may discontinue IC use despite on-site provision of family planning services. Understanding the broader context of family planning choices in recently seroconverted women may be key to more effective linkages between family planning services and HIV-1 testing and care
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