Dieta de Eleutherodactylus binotatus (Spix, 1824) Amphibia, Leptodactylidae) em um fragmento de mata de Belmiro Braga, Zona da Mata, MG, Brasil

Diet studies in anurans have used pre-established concepts, based on anecdotal cases, generally developed in assemblages with similar features. Nevertheless, few authors tested such concepts and classifications. lt is well known that anuran size is correlated to the size of the ingested preys. Many authors suggest that such relation may express differences in size as much as in the sort of ingested preys, since large individuals would be exposed to certain categories of preys unavailable to the smaller individuals. Eleutherodactylus binotatus was chosen to perform this study because it is largely distributed along the Southeastern Brazil, and species of this genus, with direct development, have different size classes occupying the same environment. Comparisons on stomach contents, based on a variety of measurements parameters, were performed between classes in the same season to determine the variation related to size. Data on the same class and different seasons were compared to determined seasonal variation. Selectivity was verified by comparing the proportions of categories in the diet and environment. Eleutherodactylus binotatus adult females may be considered different from the other classes in size but not in sort of ingested item. The mainly seasonal variation was the selectivity to mites and spiders. The former were preferred in the dry season and avoided in the rainy season, whereas the latter were preferred in the rainy season and avoided in the dry season. We conclude Eleutherodactylus binotatus is generalist, despite avoiding consuming ants, as others Leptodactylidae.Os estudos de dieta em anuros têm empregado conceitos pré-estabelecidos, baseados em casos pontuais, geralmente desenvolvidos em taxocenoses de características semelhantes. No entanto, poucos buscaram testar tais conceitos e classificações. É de conhecimento geral que o tamanho do anuro está correlacionado ao tamanho das presas ingeridas. Muitos autores sugerem que tal relação pode se refletir em diferença no tamanho e também no tipo de presas ingeridas, uma vez que os indivíduos maiores estariam expostos a categorias de presas indisponíveis aos menores. Eleutherodactylus binotatus foi escolhido para o desenvolvimento do presente estudo, não apenas pela acessibilidade desta espécie amplamente distribuída no Sudeste do Brasil, mas também porque espécies deste gênero de desenvolvimento direto apresentam várias classes de tamanho ocupando o mesmo ambiente. As comparações dos dados do conteúdo estomacal, com base em diversos parâmetros de medidas, foram efetuadas entre as classes, em uma mesma estação, para determinar a variação relacionada ao tamanho. Também foram comparados os dados de uma mesma classe em diferentes estações, para determinar a variação sazonal. A seletividade foi verificada pela comparação das proporções das categorias na dieta e no ambiente. Das classes de tamanho de Eleutherodactylus binotatus comparadas, as fêmeas adultas podem ser consideradas diferentes das demais classes quanto ao tamanho mas não quanto ao tipo de item ingerido. A principal variação sazonal foi quanto à seletividade de ácaros e aranhas. Os primeiros foram preferidos na estação seca e evitados na estação chuvosa, enquanto os segundos foram preferidos na estação chuvosa e evitados na seca. Concluímos que Eleutherodactylus binotatus é generalista, embora apresente restrição ao consumo de formigas como os demais Leptodactylidae

Call variation and vocalizations of the stealthy litter frog <em>Ischnocnema abdita</em> (Anura: Brachycephalidae)

Ischnocnema abdita is a small-sized litter frog belonging to the I. verrucosa species series and only known for mountainous areas of southeastern Espírito Santo State, Brazil, in the Municipalities of Santa Teresa (type locality), Cariacica and Mimoso do Sul. In this paper, we describe the calls and provide estimates of within-male variation of I. abdita from its type locality and from a recently discovered population in the region of Alto Caparaó, Municipality of Espera Feliz, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Additionally, we also performed a GMYC analysis of molecular assignment that recovered the haplotypes of I. abdita from its type locality and from the new record (Alto Caparaó) under the same taxonomical entity. Our bioacoustical analysis revealed two distinct types of calls, herein referred as A and B calls. The A call was observed in both populations, whereas the B call was only recorded at Alto Caparaó. Despite the apparent similarity in the A calls from both localities, we observed differences in all traits analyzed. Moreover, each call trait expressed variation within males. The peak frequency never exceeded 5% variation and it was classified as static in both populations. Temporal parameters, such as call duration and interval between calls were classified either as dynamic or intermediate, with variations ranging from 1.8-66.1% within males. Although number of pulses per note was a dynamic trait at the type locality, it did not vary in both types of call recorded at Alto Caparaó.

Response of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus to Amicoumacin A

Amicoumacin A exhibits strong antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), hence we sought to uncover its mechanism of action. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of S. aureus COL in response to amicoumacin A showed alteration in transcription of genes specifying several cellular processes including cell envelope turnover, cross-membrane transport, virulence, metabolism, and general stress response. The most highly induced gene was lrgA, encoding an antiholin-like product, which is induced in cells undergoing a collapse of Δψ. Consistent with the notion that LrgA modulates murein hydrolase activity, COL grown in the presence of amicoumacin A showed reduced autolysis, which was primarily caused by lower hydrolase activity. To gain further insight into the mechanism of action of amicoumacin A, a whole genome comparison of wild-type COL and amicoumacin A-resistant mutants isolated by a serial passage method was carried out. Single point mutations generating codon substitutions were uncovered in ksgA (encoding RNA dimethyltransferase), fusA (elongation factor G), dnaG (primase), lacD (tagatose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase), and SACOL0611 (a putative glycosyl transferase). The codon substitutions in EF-G that cause amicoumacin A resistance and fusidic acid resistance reside in separate domains and do not bring about cross resistance. Taken together, these results suggest that amicoumacin A might cause perturbation of the cell membrane and lead to energy dissipation. Decreased rates of cellular metabolism including protein synthesis and DNA replication in resistant strains might allow cells to compensate for membrane dysfunction and thus increase cell survivability

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others

Eleutherodactylus verrucosus Reinhardt and Lutken 1862

Eleutherodactylus verrucosus (Reinhardt and Lütken, 1862) (Figs. 2–3) Leiuperus verrucosus Reinhardt and Lütken, 1862. Ischnocnema verrucosa ­ Reinhardt and Lütken, 1862; Lynch, 1971, 1972; Sazima and Cardoso, 1978; Frost, 1985. Paludicola verrucosa ­ Boulenger, 1882; Nieden, 1923. Pleurodema verrucosa ­ Parker, 1927; Cochran, 1955; Bokermann, 1966; Gorham, 1966. Epsophus verrucosus Miranda­Ribeiro, 1937. Eleutherodactylus verrucosus (Miranda­Ribeiro, 1937) ­ Bokermann, 1966. Eupsophus versus Gorham, 1966 [substitute name for Eupsophus verrucosus Miranda­Ribeiro, 1937, preoccupied in Eupsophus by Borborocoetes verrucosus Philippi (= Eupsophus nodosus Duméril and Bibron)]. Additionally, we examined and compared the specimens of Eleutherodactylus verrucosus with Eleutherodactylus juipoca Sazima and Cardoso (MNRJ 4103, holotype) and Eleutherodactylus octavioi Bokermann (MZUSP 73670, holotype), both species from Southeastern Brazil and thought to be related to E. verrucosus (Lynch, 1972; Sazima and Cardoso, 1978). The three species are perfectly distinguishable, and we consider them valid taxa.Published as part of Caramaschi, Ulisses & Canedo, Clarissa, 2006, Reassessment of the taxonomic status of the genera Ischnocnema Reinhardt and Lütken, 1862 and Oreobates Jiménez­de­la­Espada, 1872, with notes on the synonymy of Leiuperus verrucosus Reinhardt and Lütken, 1862 (Anura: Leptodactylidae), pp. 43-54 in Zootaxa 1116 on pages 49-50, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17164

Oreobates

Genus Oreobates Jiménez­de­la­Espada, 1872 The genus Oreobates was described by Jiménez­de­la­Espada (1872) to accommodate a single new species, O. quixensis, which was later redescribed and illustrated (Jiménez­dela­Espada, 1875). By considering Oreobates a junior synonym of Ischnocnema, Lynch (1971, 1972) and Lynch and Schwartz (1971) established the combination Ischnocnema quixensis. For a summary of the taxonomic history and redescription of this species, see Lynch and Schwartz (1971); for the geographical distribution, see Lynch (1974) and Lynch and Lescure (1980).Published as part of Caramaschi, Ulisses & Canedo, Clarissa, 2006, Reassessment of the taxonomic status of the genera Ischnocnema Reinhardt and Lütken, 1862 and Oreobates Jiménez­de­la­Espada, 1872, with notes on the synonymy of Leiuperus verrucosus Reinhardt and Lütken, 1862 (Anura: Leptodactylidae), pp. 43-54 in Zootaxa 1116 on page 46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17164

Oreobates saxatilis Duellman 1990, new combination

Oreobates saxatilis (Duellman, 1990), new combination Ischnocnema saxatilis Duellman, 1990.Published as part of Caramaschi, Ulisses & Canedo, Clarissa, 2006, Reassessment of the taxonomic status of the genera Ischnocnema Reinhardt and Lütken, 1862 and Oreobates Jiménez­de­la­Espada, 1872, with notes on the synonymy of Leiuperus verrucosus Reinhardt and Lütken, 1862 (Anura: Leptodactylidae), pp. 43-54 in Zootaxa 1116 on page 51, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17164

FIGURE 1 in Advertisement and aggressive calls of Ischnocnema oea (Heyer, 1984) (Anura, Brachycephalidae)

FIGURE 1. Ischnocnema oea: spectrogram and power spectrum with window function Hann, amplitude logarithmic, window size 512 samples, overlap 99%. (A) Oscillogram, (B) spectrogram and (C) power spectrum of one advertisement call. (D) Oscillogram, (E) spectrogram and (F) power spectrum of one aggressive call.Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Hepp, Fabio &amp; Canedo, Clarissa, 2013, Advertisement and aggressive calls of Ischnocnema oea (Heyer, 1984) (Anura, Brachycephalidae), pp. 197-199 in Zootaxa 3710 (2)&lt;/i&gt; on page 198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.6, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10099463"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/10099463&lt;/a&gt

Ischnocnema Reinhardt and Lutken 1862

Genus Ischnocnema Reinhardt and Lütken, 1862 Based on a single specimen (currently ZMK 1180), Reinhardt and Lütken (1862) described a new species, Leiuperus verrucosus, from near Juiz de Fora, State of Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil. In a postscript to the same paper, however, the authors proposed a new genus, Ischnocnema, to accomodate that species, under the combination Ischnocnema verrucosa. For a summary of the taxonomic history and redescription of this species, see Lynch (1972). With the synonymization of Oreobates Jiménez­de­la­Espada, 1872 to Ischnocnema, this genus also included I. quixensis (Jiménez­de­la­Espada, 1872), as reviewed by Lynch and Schwartz (1971). Later, Lynch (1974), Duellman (1990), Harvey and Keck (1995), and Padial et al. (2005) described I. simmonsi, I. saxatilis, I. sanctaecrucis, and I. sanderi, respectively, completing the six species currently recognized in the genus. The genus Ischnocnema was distinguished from Eleutherodactylus by Lynch (1971, 1972) and Lynch and Schwartz (1971) mainly on basis of the shape of the distal phalanges: T­shaped in Eleutherodactylus, and knobbed in Ischnocnema. The other characters listed for Ischnocnema by Lynch (1971) are included in the variation of Eleutherodactylus characters, except by the anterior rami of pterygoids reaching the neopalatines in Ischnocnema. Lynch and Schwartz (1971) examined only specimens of I. quixensis, but Lynch (1971, 1972) also examined the holotype of I. verrucosa, although apparently did not observe the condition of its phalanx. Osteological characters listed by Lynch (1971) to the genus Ischnocnema were observed by the author in I. quixensis, the sole species of this genus cleared and stained in his work. The osteological features herein observed in I. verrucosa agree with that attributed to Eleutherodactylus by Lynch (1971) but not with that attributed to Ischnocnema by this author. These findings permit the association of I. verrucosa, type species of the genus Ischnocnema, with the genus Eleutherodactylus.Published as part of Caramaschi, Ulisses & Canedo, Clarissa, 2006, Reassessment of the taxonomic status of the genera Ischnocnema Reinhardt and Lütken, 1862 and Oreobates Jiménez­de­la­Espada, 1872, with notes on the synonymy of Leiuperus verrucosus Reinhardt and Lütken, 1862 (Anura: Leptodactylidae), pp. 43-54 in Zootaxa 1116 on page 45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17164

Oreobates sanderi

Oreobates sanderi (Padial, Reichle and De la Riva, 2005), new combination Ischnocnema sanderi Padial, Reichle and De la Riva, 2005.Published as part of Caramaschi, Ulisses & Canedo, Clarissa, 2006, Reassessment of the taxonomic status of the genera Ischnocnema Reinhardt and Lütken, 1862 and Oreobates Jiménez­de­la­Espada, 1872, with notes on the synonymy of Leiuperus verrucosus Reinhardt and Lütken, 1862 (Anura: Leptodactylidae), pp. 43-54 in Zootaxa 1116 on page 52, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17164