Comparison of Cowpea, Lablab, and Hay Type Soybean Growth and Defoliation by Deer

Last updated: 6/12/200

Who Takes the Bait? Non-target Species Use of Bear Hunter Bait Sites

Hunting bears (Ursus spp.) over baits is legal in many countries, states, and provinces, but the practice remains a controversial topic among wildlife managers, hunting groups, and the general public. The baits used to attract bears may also provide a pulsed resource on the landscape that can be used by other wildlife species, particularly carnivores. To determine what other species might use bear bait sites, we constructed and monitored 21 bear bait sites with camera traps from August to October 2016 in the western Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA. The sites mimicked typical American black bear (U. americanus) hunter bait sites. We tested recorded changes in carnivore visitation before and during hunting season using paired t-test and analyzed carnivore temporal shifts between the 2 periods using a nonparametric kernel density estimation procedure. We analyzed 7,915 images, of which 81.9% were nontarget species. Bear daily visitation at the bait sites was reduced by 49.3% during hunting season while nontarget carnivore visitation increased by 33.0%. Bears also increased their nocturnal activity by 22.4% during the legal hunting season while other carnivore species maintained their diel patterns. Because of the high rates of nontarget species use of the bear hunter bait sites, there is a potential for disease spread and conflict with hunters. Managers should evaluate the potential impacts on target and nontarget species when establishing hunter bait regulations

The Clinical and Classroom Utility of the Inventory of Reading Occupations: An Assessment Tool of Children’s Reading Participation

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the initial clinical and classroom utility of the Inventory of Reading Occupations (IRO), a new tool to assess children’s reading participation. Method: The study used phenomenological qualitative and descriptive methods. The participants included 38 occupational therapists, speech-language pathologists, classroom teachers, and parents who completed or reviewed responses of children on the IRO. To provide triangulation, 20 of the children who completed the IRO were interviewed. Data were thematically analyzed and then categorized using a central Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats premise. Results: The majority of the participants indicated favorable response to the clinical and classroom utility of the tool. Common themes were (a) the IRO is a user-friendly and engaging assessment that allows students to reflect on their reading participation; (b) the IRO is more suitable for children who engage in more structured reading; (c) the IRO can be adapted for older children; and (d) there is a need to identify whether the IRO is better as a screening or a full assessment tool. Conclusion: The study provided useful perspectives on how the tool can be further improved as a measure of the reading participation of school-aged children

Evaluation of Hypervelocity Carbon Dioxide Blunt Body Experiments in an Expansion Tube Facility

This work represents efforts to study high-enthalpy carbon dioxide flows in anticipation of the upcoming Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) and future missions. The current study extends the previous presentation of experimental results by the comparison now with axisymmetric simulations incorporating detailed thermochemical modeling. The work is motivated by observed anomalies between experimental and numerical studies in hypervelocity impulse facilities. In this work, experiments are conducted in the Hypervelocity Expansion Tube (HET) which, by virtue of its flow acceleration process, exhibits minimal freestream dissociation in comparison to reflected shock tunnels. This simplifies the comparison with computational result as freestream dissociation and considerable thermochemical excitation can be neglected. Shock shapes of the Laboratory aeroshell and spherical geometries are compared with numerical simulations. In an effort to address surface chemistry issues arising from high-enthalpy carbon dioxide ground-test based experiments, spherical stagnation point and aeroshell heat transfer distributions are also compared with simulation. The shock stand-off distance has been identified in the past as sensitive to the thermochemical state and as such, is used here as an experimental measureable for comparison with CFD and two different theoretical models. For low-density, small-scale experiments it is seen that models based upon assumptions of large binary scaling values are unable to match the experimental and numerical results. Very good agreement between experiment and CFD is seen for all shock shapes and heat transfer distributions fall within the non-catalytic and super-catalytic solutions

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Hypervelocity Carbon Dioxide Flow over Blunt Bodies

This paper represents ongoing efforts to study high-enthalpy carbon dioxide flows in anticipation of the upcoming Mars Science Laboratory and future missions. The work is motivated by observed anomalies between experimental and numerical studies in hypervelocity impulse facilities. In this study, experiments are conducted in the hypervelocity expansion tube that, by virtue of its flow acceleration process, exhibits minimal freestream dissociation in comparison with reflected shock tunnels, simplifying comparison with simulations. Shock shapes of the laboratory aeroshell at angles of attack of 0, 11, and 16 deg and spherical geometries are in very good agreement with simulations incorporating detailed thermochemical modeling. Laboratory shock shapes at a 0 deg of attack are also in good agreement with data from the LENS X expansion tunnel facility, confirming results are facility-independent for the same type of flow acceleration. The shock standoff distance is sensitive to the thermochemical state and is used as an experimental measurable for comparison with simulations and two different theoretical models. For low-density small-scale experiments, it is seen that models based upon assumptions of large binary scaling values do not match the experimental and numerical results. In an effort to address surface chemistry issues arising in high-enthalpy groundtest experiments, spherical stagnation point and aeroshell heat transfer distributions are also compared with the simulation. Heat transfer distributions over the aeroshell at the three angles of attack are in reasonable agreement with simulations, and the data fall within the noncatalytic and supercatalytic solutions

Validation of Afterbody Aeroheating Predictions for Planetary Probes: Status and Future Work

A review of the relevant flight conditions and physical models for planetary probe afterbody aeroheating calculations is given. Readily available sources of afterbody flight data and published attempts to computationally simulate those flights are summarized. A current status of the application of turbulence models to afterbody flows is presented. Finally, recommendations for additional analysis and testing that would reduce our uncertainties in our ability to accurately predict base heating levels are given

DNA methylation at a nutritionally sensitive region of the PAX8 gene is associated with thyroid volume and function in Gambian children.

Funder: Wellcome TrustPAX8 is a key thyroid transcription factor implicated in thyroid gland differentiation and function, and PAX8 gene methylation is reported to be sensitive to the periconceptional environment. Using a novel recall-by-epigenotype study in Gambian children, we found that PAX8 hypomethylation at age 2 years is associated with a 21% increase in thyroid volume and an increase in free thyroxine (T4) at 5 to 8 years, the latter equivalent to 8.4% of the normal range. Free T4 was associated with a decrease in DXA-derived body fat and bone mineral density. Furthermore, offspring PAX8 methylation was associated with periconceptional maternal nutrition, and methylation variability was influenced by genotype, suggesting that sensitivity to environmental exposures may be under partial genetic control. Together, our results demonstrate a possible link between early environment, PAX8 gene methylation and thyroid gland development and function, with potential implications for early embryonic programming of thyroid-related health and disease

Electromagnetic Reduction of Plasma Density During Atmospheric Reentry and Hypersonic Flights

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/76341/1/AIAA-32147-259.pd

Simulation of Ablating Hypersonic Vehicles with Finite-Rate Surface Chemistry

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/140434/1/6.2014-2124.pd

Vascular responses of the extremities to transdermal application of vasoactive agents in Caucasian and African descent individuals

This is an accepted manuscript of an article published by Springer in European Journal of Applied Physiology on 04/04/2015, available online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-015-3164-2 The accepted version of the publication may differ from the final published version.© 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Purpose: Individuals of African descent (AFD) are more susceptible to non-freezing cold injury than Caucasians (CAU) which may be due, in part, to differences in the control of skin blood flow. We investigated the skin blood flow responses to transdermal application of vasoactive agents. Methods: Twenty-four young males (12 CAU and 12 AFD) undertook three tests in which iontophoresis was used to apply acetylcholine (ACh 1 w/v %), sodium nitroprusside (SNP 0.01 w/v %) and noradrenaline (NA 0.5 mM) to the skin. The skin sites tested were: volar forearm, non-glabrous finger and toe, and glabrous finger (pad) and toe (pad). Results: In response to SNP on the forearm, AFD had less vasodilatation for a given current application than CAU (P = 0.027–0.004). ACh evoked less vasodilatation in AFD for a given application current in the non-glabrous finger and toe compared with CAU (P = 0.043–0.014) with a lower maximum vasodilatation in the non-glabrous finger (median [interquartile], AFD n = 11, 41[234] %, CAU n = 12, 351[451] %, P = 0.011) and non-glabrous toe (median [interquartile], AFD n = 9, 116[318] %, CAU n = 12, 484[720] %, P = 0.018). ACh and SNP did not elicit vasodilatation in the glabrous skin sites of either group. There were no ethnic differences in response to NA. Conclusion: AFD have an attenuated endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in non-glabrous sites of the fingers and toes compared with CAU. This may contribute to lower skin temperature following cold exposure and the increased risk of cold injuries experienced by AFD.Published versio