Importation and early local transmission of COVID-19 in Brazil, 2020

We conducted the genome sequencing and analysis of the first confirmed COVID-19 infections in Brazil. Rapid sequencing coupled with phylogenetic analyses in the context of travel history corroborate multiple independent importations from Italy and local spread during the initial stage of COVID-19 transmission in Brazil

Genomics and epidemiology of the P.1 SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus, Brazil

Cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in Manaus, Brazil, resurged in late 2020 despite previously high levels of infection. Genome sequencing of viruses sampled in Manaus between November 2020 and January 2021 revealed the emergence and circulation of a novel SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern. Lineage P.1 acquired 17 mutations, including a trio in the spike protein (K417T, E484K, and N501Y) associated with increased binding to the human ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) receptor. Molecular clock analysis shows that P.1 emergence occurred around mid-November 2020 and was preceded by a period of faster molecular evolution. Using a two-category dynamical model that integrates genomic and mortality data, we estimate that P.1 may be 1.7- to 2.4-fold more transmissible and that previous (non-P.1) infection provides 54 to 79% of the protection against infection with P.1 that it provides against non-P.1 lineages. Enhanced global genomic surveillance of variants of concern, which may exhibit increased transmissibility and/or immune evasion, is critical to accelerate pandemic responsiveness

Analysis of microRNA biogenesis in chronic chagas disease cardiomyopathy

A cardiomiopatia Chagásica Crônica (CCC) é a principal complicação decorrente da infecção pelo protozoário hemoflagelado Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi). Trata-se de uma cardiomiopatia dilatada, caracterizada por um intenso infiltrado inflamatório, fibrose, dilatação das câmaras cardíacas, hipertrofia de cardiomiócitos e anormalidades de condução. Sua fisiopatologia é complexa e ainda não se consegue explicar porque apenas 30% dos pacientes infectados desenvolvem essa complicação. Nesse contexto, nosso laboratório descreveu pela primeira vez uma redução na expressão de microRNAs (miRNAs) enriquecidos em músculo (myomiRs) no miocárdio de pacientes com CCC. Sabendo-se que disfunções na biogênese de miRNAs em modelos animais levam ao desenvolvimento de cardiomiopatia do tipo dilatada com redução da expressão de myomiRs, hipotetizou-se que a CCC em humanos estaria associada a um prejuízo na biogênese de miRNAs no miocárdio. Dessa forma, amostras de ventrículo esquerdo de miocárdio de pacientes com CCC (n=16) e controles não-cardiomiopatas (n=6) foram utilizadas para avaliar: 1) a expressão gênica e proteica da maquinaria da biogênese de miRNAs (Drosha, Exportina-5, RAN, Dicer1, TRBP, PACT e Argonauta2), por qPCR e western blotting, respectivamente; 2) a expressão do transcrito primário (pri-miRNA), precursor (pré-miRNA) e miRNA maduro de myomiRs (miR-1, -133a, -133b, -208a, -208b, e -499); 3) o perfil de miRNAs diferencialmente expressos em CCC utilizando qPCR array; e 4) a interação dos miRNAs diferencialmente expressos com disfunções características da CCC (fibrose, miocardite, arritmia e hipertrofia) por meio de análises de bioinformática. Nossos resultados apontam para uma não-alteração nas etapas nucleares da biogênese de miRNAs (transcrição, edição e transporte), já que não foram encontradas alterações na expressão de pri- e pré-miRNAs de myomiRs, bem como dos componentes protéicos da biogênese, Drosha, Exportina-5 e RAN. Entretanto, observou-se uma disfunção na segunda etapa de edição da biogênese, citoplasmática, caracterizada por uma redução de 2/3 nos níveis protéicos de Dicer1, a qual não foi acompanhada por uma redução na expressão de seu RNA mensageiro. Evidenciou-se ainda, uma redução na expressão de 97,5% dos miRNAs maduros diferencialmente expressos no miocárdio de pacientes com CCC, incluindo myomiRs. As análises in silico revelaram haver participação dos miRNAs diferencialmente expressos em disfunções associadas a CCC, com destaque para a fibrose miocárdica, nodo central da rede. Experimentos adicionais preliminares sugeriram o acúmulo de adutos de 4-hidroxi-2-nonenal, decorrente do estresse oxidativo e de uma menor atividade da enzima aldeído desidrogenase 2, como uma possível causa para as alterações encontradas. Este é o primeiro estudo a caracterizar a biogênese de microRNAs em uma cardiomiopatia. Além disso, demonstrou-se que uma redução global do perfil dos miRNAs maduros diferencialmente expressos, decorrente uma disfunção na enzima Dicer1, está associada a eventos patológicos característicos da CCC. Estes mecanismos apresentam relevância biológica e terapêutica, podendo ser possivelmente compartilhados com cardiomiopatias de outras etiologiasChronic Chagas disease cardiomyopathy (CCC) is the most severe complication of the infection by the haemoflagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. This dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by an intense inflammatory infiltrate, fibrosis, dilation of cardiac chambers, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and conduction abnormalities. Its pathophysiology is complex and why only 30% of patients experience this complication remains an open question. In this regard, our laboratory described for the first time a reduction in the expression of muscle-enriched microRNAs (myomiRs) in human CCC myocardium. Knowing that biogenesis dysfunction and myomiR reduced expression have been associated to the development of dilated cardiomyopathy in animal models, we hypothesized that an impairment of myocardial microRNA biogenesis would be associated to CCC. Hence, left ventricle tissue samples from CCC patients (16) and non-cardiomyopathy donors (6) were used to analyze: 1) mRNA and protein expression, by qPCR and western blotting, of canonical microRNA biogenesis machinery (Drosha, Exportin-5, RAN, Dicer1, TRBP, PACT, AGO2); 2) primary transcript (pri-miR), precursor (pre-miR) and mature microRNA expression of myomiRs (miR-1, -133a, -133b, -208a, -208b, e -499); 3) mature microRNA profile using qPCR array; and 4) the interaction between differentially expressed mature microRNAs and hallmark CCC dysfunctions (fibrosis, myocarditis, hypertrophy and arrhythmia) using bioinformatics tools. Our results point to a non-dysfunction of biogenesis nuclear steps (transcription, editing and transport), since expression of pri-, pre-microRNAs, Drosha, Exportin-5 and Ran are similar between CCC patients and controls. However, we observed an alteration in the cytoplasmic editing step, characterized by a 2/3 reduction in Dicer1 protein levels. In addition, a major downregulation of differentially expressed mature microRNAs (97,5%) was noticed. In silico analysis revealed an association between differentially expressed microRNAs and CCC hallmarks, particularly fibrosis, a central node in the network. Additional preliminary data suggest 4-hydroxi-2-nonenal myocardial accumulation, resulting from oxidative stress and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 lower activity, as a possible cause for the alterations here described. This is the first study to conduct a comprehensive analysis of microRNA biogenesis machinery in a cardiomyopathy. Moreover, we have shown a major reduction in the expression of mature microRNAs, due to lower Dicer1 protein levels, to be associated to CCC hallmark dysfunctions. These mechanisms are biologically and therapeutically relevant, and may be shared with cardiomyopathies from different etiologie

Clinical and serological evolution in chronic Chagas disease patients in a 4-year pharmacotherapy follow-up: a preliminary study

Introduction The role of trypanocidal therapy in the chronic phase of Chagas disease remains controversial. Methods A total of 13 patients with chronic Chagas disease were treated with benznidazole (5mg/kg/day/60 days) and surveyed via antibody measurement and conventional electrocardiogram over the course of 4 years. Results The antibody titers were significantly reduced after 4 years (p<0.05). Most of the patients showed maintenance of the initial clinical picture (electrocardiographic), with the exception of 4 cases. Conclusions Although trypanocidal therapy in the chronic phase of Chagas disease was of limited effectiveness, we believe that it is beneficial in treating these patients

Emergence and widespread circulation of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 lineage in North America

Although recombination is a feature of coronavirus evolution, previously detected recombinant lineages of SARS-CoV-2 have shown limited circulation thus far. Here, we present a detailed phylogenetic analysis of four SARS-CoV-2 lineages to investigate the possibility of virus recombination among them. Our analyses reveal well-supported phylogenetic differences between the Orf1ab region encoding viral non-structural proteins and the rest of the genome, including Spike (S) protein and remaining reading frames. By accounting for several deletions in NSP6, Orf3a, and S, we conclude that the B.1.628 major cluster, now designated as lineage XB, originated from a recombination event between viruses of B.1.631 and B.1.634 lineages. This scenario is supported by the spatiotemporal distribution of these lineages across the USA and Mexico during 2021, suggesting that the recombination event originated in this geographical region. This event raises important questions regarding the role and potential effects of recombination on SARS-CoV-2 evolution

Dataset on SARS-CoV-2 non-pharmaceutical interventions in Brazilian municipalities

Brazil has one of the fastest-growing COVID-19 epidemics worldwide. Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) have been adopted at the municipal level with asynchronous actions taken across 5,568 municipalities and the Federal District. This paper systematises the fragmented information on NPIs reporting on a novel dataset with survey responses from 4,027 mayors, covering 72.3% of all municipalities in the country. This dataset responds to the urgency to track and share findings on fragmented policies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Quantifying NPIs can help to assess the role of interventions in reducing transmission. We offer spatial and temporal details for a range of measures aimed at implementing social distancing and the dates when these measures were relaxed by local governments.</p

Shotgun metagenomic sequencing of the first case of monkeypox virus in Brazil, 2022

Monkeypox virus (MPXV), a zoonotic virus endemic to the African continent, has been reported in 33 non-endemic countries since May 2022. We report an almost complete genome of the first confirmed case of MPXV in Brazil. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing was completed in 18 hours, from DNA extraction to consensus sequence generation