Analysis of the mRNA expression of the S100β protein in adipocytes of patients with diabetes mellitus, type 2

OBJETIVO: O presente trabalho objetiva compreender a possível relação do nível de expressão gênica do mRNA da proteína S100β em adipócitos com o diabetes melito do tipo 2, pela comparação de dados de portadores dessa doença com os de indivíduos normoglicêmicos. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram selecionadas amostras de tecido adiposo de oito pacientes da Seção de Coronárias do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia (IDPC), sendo quatro do grupo diabetes e quatro do grupo de normoglicêmicos. Essas amostras foram submetidas à técnica de RT-PCR em tempo real. RESULTADOS: Por meio do Test-t de Student para os valores de diferença entre os ciclos threshold (ΔCt), observou-se que houve aumento de aproximadamente 15 vezes (p = 0,015) da expressão do mRNA da proteína S100β nos adipócitos dos indivíduos do grupo diabetes quando comparado aos do grupo controle. CONCLUSÃO: Nossos resultados evidenciam, de forma inédita, coexistência entre o aumento da expressão do gene S100β e a patologia do diabetes melito do tipo 2

Suprachiasmatic nucleus projections for hypothalamic areas according to VIP and AVP immunoreactivity in the Cebus apella monkey.

O núcleo hipotalâmico supraquiasmático (SCh), apresenta caracterização neuroquímica com duas subpopulações principais de células, a produtora de polipeptídeo intestinal vasoativo (VIP) e argenina vasopressina (AVP). As fibras IR AVP e VIP oriundas do SCh apresentam características morfológicas específicas que possibilitam o rastreamento a longas distâncias dentro do hipotálamo. No presente estudo buscamos mapear os terminais IR VIP e AVP nas áreas hipotalâmicas do primata Cebus apella utilizando a imuno-histoquímica, e fazer a identificação das áreas hipotalâmicas recipientes do SCh, utilizando o mapeamento da distribuição das fibras IR associado à análise morfológica destas duas substâncias neuroativas. As fibras IR VIP e AVP com características do SCh foram identificadas em porções anteriores como hipotálamo anterior, área pré-óptica, área hipotalâmica lateral, SPZV, até porções mais caudais, porção retroquiasmática, área tuberal. Os resultados indicam um padrão similar de distribuição de fibras IR VIP e AVP nas áreas do hipotálamo e também em áreas descritas como recipientes das projeções do SCh, quando comparado com outras espécies como roedores descritos na literatura.The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, contains a variety of different neurons that tend to form two major subpopulations within the nucleus, the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and vasopressin (VP). The immunoreactive (IR) fibers derived from the VIP and VP IR cells of the SCN present morphological characteristics that allow their specific tracking in long distances within the hypothalamus. In the present investigation we aimed map VIP and VP IR terminals in hypothalamic areas of the primate Cebus apella using immunohistochemistry, and to do identification of hypothalamic recipient areas from SCN using the mapping distribution of fibers IR associated with morphological analysis of these two neuroactive substances. VIP and VP IR fibers with characteristics from SCN were identified in the rostral anterior hypothalamic area and medial preoptic area, laterally to the lateral hypothalamic area, and more caudally in SPZV and retrochiasmatic tuberal area. The results indicate that there is a similarity in the pattern of distribution of VIP and VP fibers in the hypothalamic areas and also in areas recipients from SCN projections when compared with nocturnal rodent species described in the literature

Distribution of the S100<font face=\"symbol\">b protein specific in brain of the rats.

A proteína S100b no cérebro é produzida e secretada pela célula da glia astrócito, e exerce de acordo com sua quantidade extracelular, ação trófica ou tóxica sobre os neurônios. Investigamos a distribuição da proteína S100b, no animal em condição basal, realizando o mapeamento em diferentes áreas do encéfalo, com a técnica imuno-histoquímica, explorando a hipótese do aparecimento de S100b em áreas encefálicas preferenciais. A distribuição da proteína foi analisada pela técnica do imuno-histoquímica, com utilização de anticorpo anti-S100 (b subunidade). O mapeamento da proteína S100b ao longo do eixo AP, permitiu observar marcação de elementos gliais distribuídos pelo telencéfalo, diencéfalo, e tronco encefálico, onde a proteína apresentou-se preferencialmente distribuída, na comparação dos animais. Nossos resultados sugerem que a proteína pode estar relacionada ao fato dessa distribuição ser conservada como padrão dentro da espécie.S100b protein is expressed primarily by astroglia in the brain, and practice functional implication of S100b secretion by astrocytes into the extracellular space is scant but there is substantial evidence that secreted glial S100b exerts trophic or toxic effects depending on its concentration. We provide here a detailed description of the distribution of the calcium-binding protein S100b in and glial elements in the encefalo of rats. The distribution of S100-like immunoreactivity was analyzed by antisera: monoclonal, the b subunit (S100b) of this protein. All sera showed glial positive elements, which were more abundant in the brainstem than in the prosencephalon. S100-immunoreactive was detected in glial elements, in different regions of the telencephalon, diencephalon and mesencephalon. This distribution appears very similar to that, as well as to sparse observations on different vertebrates. Therefore, our results suggest that the distribution pattern of this protein in glial elements is highly conserved between the species

Intrinsic organization of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the capuchin monkey

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is the main circadian biological clock in mammals, is composed of multiple cells that function individually as independent oscillators to express the self-sustained mRNA and protein rhythms of the so-called clock genes. Knowledge regarding the presence and localization of the proteins and neuroactive substances of the SCN are essential for understanding this nucleus and for its successful manipulation. Although there have been advances in the investigation of the intrinsic organization of the SCN in rodents, little information is available in diurnal species, especially in primates. This study, which explores the pattern of expression and localization of PER2 protein in the SCN of capuchin monkey, evaluates aspects of the circadian system that are common to both primates and rodents. Here, we showed that PER2 protein immunoreactivity is higher during the light phase. Additionally, the complex organization of cells that express vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, neuron-specific nuclear protein, calbindin and calretinin in the SCN, as demonstrated by their immunoreactivity, reveals an intricate network that may be related to the similarities and differences reported between rodents and primates in the literature.CAPESFAPESP (Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, FAPESP - 2008/53689-8PRPq-US

Relationship of Inflammatory Markers and Metabolic Syndrome in Postmenopausal Women

The increased deposition of visceral fat in the postmenopause period increases the production of inflammatory cytokines and the release of tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and decrease in IL-10. This study investigated the relationship between inflammatory biomarkers and metabolic syndrome (MS) in postmenopausal women considering different diagnostic criteria. We conducted a cross-sectional observational study based on STROBE. Data were collected regarding the diagnostic criteria for MS (International Diabetes Federation; NCEP (International Diabetes Federation (IDF), National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP-III), and Harmonized criteria), body composition, comorbidities, time without menstruation, values of IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α. ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis, Levene tests, ROC, and odds ratio were performed to analyze the data. The results showed no significant difference between the methods and no interaction between the method and the presence of MS. However, for the values of WC, body fat percentage, TNF-α, and IL-10/TNF-α ratio, a significant effect of MS was observed. In subjects with MS, lower values of body fat percentage and TNF-α and higher values of the IL-10/TNF-α ratio were also observed. The higher IL-10/TNF-α ratio in the MS group is related to the greater anti-inflationary action of IL-10. The IL-10/TNF-α ratio showed significant accuracy to discriminate patients with MS according to the NCEP-ATP III criteria