An alternative close-proximity test to evaluate sound power level emitted by a rolling tyre

The noise emission of a rolling tyre is produced by different physical mechanisms generated during the tyre-road interaction, being the main noise source of a vehicle when driving at high speeds. Diverse measurement methods can be found in the literature to assess the rolling noise emission. In that sense, the close-proximity (CPX) method allows to evaluate tyre/road sound level with at least two microphones operating in the close field of the test tyre. This paper presents a new methodology, based on the CPX method, which allows assessing the sound power level of the rolling tyre by introducing some changes in the traditional close-proximity test. The methodology (named A-CPX) has been analytically and experimentally validated, and is finally used to obtain the total tyre/road sound power level emitted by the whole set of tyres of a vehicle

Inverse transfer path analysis, a different approach to shorten time in NVH assessments

This paper presents the design and implementation of a simplified method, based on the transmissibility concept, for a noise path assessment, which allows a rapid and accurate analysis. The Inverse Transfer Path Analysis aims to assess, and determine, the contribution of the critical paths, which are transmitting structure-borne noises and vibrations, from the vehicle’s vibration sources to the driver’s ear. The cabin noise transfer function, from the involved attachment points and directions, can be simultaneously obtained by applying an impulsive noise source inside the cabin. This approach avoids the use of other time consuming classic procedures. The proposed methodology includes two types of tests, static condition tests in a semi-anechoic chamber and operational tests on a roller bench. The results assessment comprises the analysis of the noise contribution of each path, depending on the frequency and the vehicle speed range. This publication introduces a novel NVH method proposed to study and identify noise transfer paths in a car structure. The theoretical approach of the methodology, practical implementation, and obtained results, are described in this work, as well as a methodology validation, to evidence the suitability of the proposed method

Gear sound model for an approach of a Mechanical Acoustic Vehicle Alerting System (MAVAS) to increase EV’s detectability

Hybrid-electric and electric vehicles significantly reduce noise road emissions. This noise mitigation also causes a reduction in the sound detectability and therefore it increases the potential of causing accidents. A suitable solution arises with the Acoustic Vehicle Alerting Systems (AVAS) emitting a warning sound to alert pedestrians about the presence of a silent vehicle. This paper details an acoustic prediction model capable of simulating the sound produced by a pair of spur dry gears used as a Mechanical Acoustic Vehicle Alerting System (MAVAS). This proposal that tries to reproduce a sound closer to the mechanical sound of a conventional vehicle would be used as an alternative to existing systems. The prediction model developed is validated and consists in two consecutive parts: first, a dynamic model studies the rattle of the gears, then, an analytical model reproduces the sound of each impact of the gear teeth. This sound model makes it possible to characterize a proposed gear combination of the MAVAS, verifying its compliance with the European legislation

A methodology for the extrapolation of coast-by noise of tyres from sound power level measurements

Traffic noise is one of the most predominant noise sources that affect citizens’ quality of life in urban areas. The increasing presence of alternative powered vehicles, such as electric or hybrid vehicles, could provide an improvement of such a situation due to the absence of internal combustion engines. However, tyre/road noise is independent of the vehicle type and still exists in alternative powered vehicles. Hence, efforts should focus also on reducing noise emission by means of new tyre designs. The tyre/road noise emission of newly produced tyres is currently evaluated by the Coast-By method, and as a result the rolling sound pressure level at the measuring distance, located 7.5 m away from the test vehicle is obtained. Such an acoustic index provides a very representative data of the annoyance that a pedestrian located at such distance could suffer. However, this value could be affected by external factors, such as environmental conditions. For that reason, this paper presents a methodology for extrapolating the sound pressure levels that are obtained in a Coast-By test, by means of the sound power level emitted by the specific tyre/road combination evaluated. This methodology could serve as the basis for defining a universal model to evaluate a tyre when rolling on a road, by using its sound power emission and predicting the Coast-By sound pressure level

An alternative Drum test method to UNECE Regulation 117 for measuring tyre/road noise under laboratory controlled conditions

Tyre/road sound emissions have been proved to be the main source of noise caused by road traffic when traveling at medium and high speeds (Sandberg and Ejsmont, 2002). Tyre/road noise has been widely studied among the last decades. However, an important part of this research has been focused, mainly, on track tests. Different track or road methods have been developed for measurement of tyre/road sound emissions. The most important ones are the Coast-By, the Close-Proximity, the Statistical Pass-By or the Controlled Pass-By methods. Among all of them, the Coast-By method has been raised in Europe as standard method concerning the approval of tyres with regard to tyre/road sound emissions as preconized in UNECE Regulation 117 (2007)[2]. However, all the above mentioned methods have several disadvantages such as the influence of environmental factors, the different results that can be obtained depending on the test track or the vehicle upon which the tests are carried out, the lack of repeatability or, the most important aspect, which is the limitation of the measured magnitude, the sound pressure level. A new methodology (Clar-Garcia et al., 2016) based on drum tests and the ISO 3744 (1994), which was developed in order to avoid these limitations, has been proved to be comparable to the Coast-By (CB) method. This paper describes how different tyres have been tested according to both the CB and the new Alternative Drum test method (A-DR) while their results have been compared. In order to be able to carry out this comparison, as the measured magnitudes and test conditions differ widely from one test to another, the standardised ISO 9613 sound propagation method (ISO 9613-2, 1996) has been applied to obtain the sound pressure value at 7.5 m from the sound power level of a tyre measured under laboratory-controlled conditions when rolling against a drum. Results have shown that both methods are not only comparable but also have remarkably similar sound spectra and, for that reason, the new methodology based on drum tests can be used in order to obtain tyre/road noise emission approved values

Assessing the Impact of Attendance Modality on the Learning Performance of a Course on Machines and Mechanisms Theory

University education approaches related to the field of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM), have generally particularized on teaching activity and learning programs which are commonly understood as reoriented lessons that fuse theoretic concepts interweaved with practical activities. In this context, team work has been widely acknowledged as a means to conduct practical and hands-on lessons, and has been revealed to be successful in the achievement of exercise resolution and design tasks. Besides this, methodologies sustained by ICT resources such as online or blended approaches, have also reported numerous benefits for students’ active learning. However, such benefits have to be fully validated within the particular teaching context, which may facilitate student achievement to a greater or lesser extent. In this work, we analyze the impact of attendance modalities on the learning performance of a STEM-related course on “Machines and Mechanisms Theory”, in which practical lessons are tackled through a team work approach. The validity of the results is reinforced by group testing and statistical tests with a sample of 128 participants. Students were arranged in a test group (online attendance) and in a control group (face-to-face attendance) to proceed with team work during the practical lessons. Thus, the efficacy of distance and in situ methodologies is compared. Moreover, additional variables have also been compared according to the historical record of the course, in regards to previous academic years. Finally, students’ insights about the collaborative side of this program, self-knowledge and satisfaction with the proposal have also been reported by a custom questionnaire. The results demonstrate greater performance and satisfaction amongst participants in the face-to-face modality. Such a modality is prooven to be statistically significant for the final achievement of students in detriment to online attendance

Numerical sound prediction model to study tyre impact noise

Impact noise is one of the mechanisms of vibratory origin that constitutes tyre/road interaction noise. When assessing a vehicle as a noise source, the impact sound mechanism is especially significant when obstacles are present on the driving surface. This document aims to enhance understanding of the impact noise phenomenon by presenting a two-step numerical model for studying the sound propagation of an accelerated tyre impacting a flat, rigid, and reflective surface: Firstly, a dynamic analysis of the contact is performed using the Finite Element Method. Then, the Boundary Element Method is used to perform an acoustic analysis with the vibration of the tyre surface as the sound source. The model has been successfully validated through a drop-test, where a tyre/rim assembly is dropped onto a ground surface. The validation was determined by comparing the predicted Sound Pressure Level measurements to those obtained from a circular microphone structure at various points during the drop-test

Adaptación del modelo de predicción de ruido de tráfico rodado NMPB-ROUTES 2008 a la presencia de vehículos eléctricos

La contaminación acústica genera una molestia en las personas que es difícilmente evaluable de forma cuantitativa, pero es un factor muy importante a tener en cuenta para la calidad de vida en las ciudades. Es por ello que la sociedad está tomando conciencia del problema de la contaminación acústica y la administración está adoptando medidas para reducir los niveles de ruido, mediante textos legislativos destinados a evitar, prevenir o reducir con carácter prioritario los efectos perjudiciales de la exposición al ruido ambiental. A partir de la Directiva 2002/49/CE se obligó a las administraciones a realizar mapas de ruido en cada municipio con la finalidad de disponer de información de forma documentada de los niveles de ruido existentes, pudiendo así evaluar la necesidad de realizar medidas correctoras con las que mejorar la situación acústica. La representación cartográfica de los niveles de presión sonora existentes en una zona concreta, se confecciona a partir de modelos matemáticos debidamente contrastados en función de las fuentes de ruido existente en la zona bajo estudio. Dichos modelos evalúan la propagación del sonido a través del medio para la posterior cuantificación de la exposición de la población al ruido, siendo la fuente de ruido de mayor contribución en las ciudades el tráfico rodado. La presente Tesis Doctoral recoge el estudio de la inserción del vehículo eléctrico dentro de los modelos de predicción de ruido basados en el tráfico rodado, justificando los resultados sobre el modelo de predicción NMPB ROUTES empleado como modelo estándar en España. El punto de partida para el estudio del vehículo eléctrico como fuente de ruido, ha sido la caracterización de los niveles de emisión de éste según la metodología descrita en la norma UNE-EN-ISO 11819-1:2002.A partir de la determinación de los niveles de emisión sonora de los vehículos eléctricos, se ha generado una nueva variable a implementar en el modelo de predicción de ruido NMPB ROUTES, siendo así posible evaluar la repercusión de estos vehículos dentro del flujo de tráfico, en diferentes condiciones de circulación. Parte de esta investigación se ha realizado colaborando con el Proyecto Europeo E-vader. Como resultado de esta fase se ha analizado la repercusión de la aplicación de señales de ruido que aumenten la percepción acústica de los vehículos eléctricos frente a peatones y ciclistas. La introducción de una fuente de ruido adicional en estos vehículos genera un cambio del comportamiento como fuente de ruido respecto al punto inicial del proyecto. Por ello, se han analizado los resultados al aplicar estas señales adicionales sobre los vehículos eléctricos con la intención de comprobar cómo afectarán en la representación en los mapas de ruido. El trabajo realizado y los resultados expuestos en esta Tesis Doctoral permiten concluir que se ha alcanzado el objetivo principal de la misma, evaluando la repercusión de la presencia de vehículos eléctricos como parte del tráfico en los modelos de predicción de ruido de tráfico rodado

Assessing the Impact of Attendance Modality on the Learning Performance of a Course on Machines and Mechanisms Theory

University education approaches related to the field of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM), have generally particularized on teaching activity and learning programs which are commonly understood as reoriented lessons that fuse theoretic concepts interweaved with practical activities. In this context, team work has been widely acknowledged as a means to conduct practical and hands-on lessons, and has been revealed to be successful in the achievement of exercise resolution and design tasks. Besides this, methodologies sustained by ICT resources such as online or blended approaches, have also reported numerous benefits for students’ active learning. However, such benefits have to be fully validated within the particular teaching context, which may facilitate student achievement to a greater or lesser extent. In this work, we analyze the impact of attendance modalities on the learning performance of a STEM-related course on “Machines and Mechanisms Theory”, in which practical lessons are tackled through a team work approach. The validity of the results is reinforced by group testing and statistical tests with a sample of 128 participants. Students were arranged in a test group (online attendance) and in a control group (face-to-face attendance) to proceed with team work during the practical lessons. Thus, the efficacy of distance and in situ methodologies is compared. Moreover, additional variables have also been compared according to the historical record of the course, in regards to previous academic years. Finally, students’ insights about the collaborative side of this program, self-knowledge and satisfaction with the proposal have also been reported by a custom questionnaire. The results demonstrate greater performance and satisfaction amongst participants in the face-to-face modality. Such a modality is prooven to be statistically significant for the final achievement of students in detriment to online attendance