ACL Risk Data Comparison And Turnout Analysis Of Female Dancers Trained In Ballet And Female Traditional Jumping Sport Athletes

INTRODUCTION: An increase in participation in females sports has created an increase of female athletes at risk for injuring their Anterior Cruciate Ligament(ACL)[12,21,29,44]. Traditional jumping sports have the highest rate of non contact ACL injuries, due to the use of movements of cutting, pivoting and landing on one foot[5,8,32,33,38]. ACL injuries can also be attributed to neuromuscular deficits such as the ‘Ligament Dominance Theory’, ‘Quadricep Dominance Theory’, ‘Trunk Dominance Theory’ and the ‘Leg Dominance Theory’[24,33]. The neuromuscular deficits are muscle strength, power or activation patterns that can cause an individual to have an increased risk of ACL injury[33]. Female traditional jumping sport athletes have been associated with being at a higher risk of ACL injury than their male counterparts due to anatomical, hormonal and neuromuscular differences[2,8,24,28,32,37,38,44,47]. However, female dancers trained with ballet have a lower risk of ACL injury than their female athlete counterparts, but also have a similar ACL injury to their male dancing counterparts [28,37,45,47]. METHODS: This study analyzed six papers that compared the lower body biomechanics of female traditional jumping sport athletes to female dancers trained in ballet. The results of the measurement of this study will be placed into a chart to compare the results of each study to each other, to confirm the results of the comparison between the two populations. The next part of this study will examine unused turnout angle data collected from a previous thesis performed by Ashley Tornio. The data was taken from 20 participants, 15 female traditional jumping sport athletes and 5 female dancers trained in ballet. The averages of these two groups will be compared using an f test to determine differences in the turnout capabilities of each group. RESULTS: The results of the data comparison found only six comparable measurements between the 6 papers. The papers were in agreement that female traditional jumping sport athlete had greater hip adduction moments and trunk forward flexion than female dancers trained in ballet. The papers were also in agreement that there was no statistically significant difference in the knee stiffness between the two populations. There was no consensus for the results of knee valgus angle, knee rotation, muscle activation or leg stiffness between the six papers. For the turnout angle f test, female traditional jumping sport athletes had an average turnout angle of 120.5 degrees and the female dancers trained in ballet had an average turnout angle of 141.2 degrees. It was found that the there was no statistically significant difference between the two populations at the 95% confidence level. However, there was a statistically significant difference between the two populations average turnout at a reduced confidence level of 80%. The DISCUSSION: The limiting number of studies which compare female traditional jumping sport athletes and female dancers trained in ballet, were unable to form consensus on the difference between the biomechanics of each group during a landing task. The turnout angle data was also limited in the number of participants and a valid conclusion was unable to be made determining the ability to use the turnout angle as an indicator for risk of ACL injury. There needs to be continued research on the comparison of the female traditional jumping sport athletes and female dancers trained in ballet to determine the biomechanical advantages female dancers have for protection of the ACL

Results of the 2007-2008 Illinois Hunter Harvest Survey

Grant/Contract No: W-112-R-17A random sample of 3,000 potential hunters was selected from among 2007 Illinois Habitat Stamp and hunting license purchasers. An 8-page questionnaire was successfully mailed to 2,906 of the 3,000 individuals. We received 1,625 returned questionnaires, 1,620 of which were usable, for a 56% response rate. Comparisons of harvest estimates from the 2006-2007 season to the 2007-2008 season suggest harvest decreased for 10 game animal categories (rabbit, quail, pheasant, dove, gray partridge, fox squirrel, gray squirrel, red fox, gray fox, and opossum), and increased for 3 categories (woodcock, raccoon, and coyote). License sales increased 0.4% from 282,000 sold for the 2006 season to 283,000 sold in the 2007 season. This represents a recovery in license sales of less than 1% since the lowest level on record (since 1938) in 2005. Low license sales may be related to increasing difficulty in finding land to hunt. Resident hunters pursuing deer (61%) and small game species (51%) reported little difficulty in gaining access to hunting lands. However, all other seasons were associated with more difficulty in accessing land. Efforts should be undertaken to ensure that hunters are aware of the locations of public hunting lands associated with these seasons. Few residents reported leasing land (4%) or hiring outfitters (1%) to access land.INHS Technical Report Prepared for Illinois Department of Natural Resources; Illinois Natural History Surve

Genome-wide mapping reveals single-origin chromosome replication in Leishmania, a eukaryotic microbe

Background DNA replication initiates on defined genome sites, termed origins. Origin usage appears to follow common rules in the eukaryotic organisms examined to date: all chromosomes are replicated from multiple origins, which display variations in firing efficiency and are selected from a larger pool of potential origins. To ask if these features of DNA replication are true of all eukaryotes, we describe genome-wide origin mapping in the parasite Leishmania. Results Origin mapping in Leishmania suggests a striking divergence in origin usage relative to characterized eukaryotes, since each chromosome appears to be replicated from a single origin. By comparing two species of Leishmania, we find evidence that such origin singularity is maintained in the face of chromosome fusion or fission events during evolution. Mapping Leishmania origins suggests that all origins fire with equal efficiency, and that the genomic sites occupied by origins differ from related non-origins sites. Finally, we provide evidence that origin location in Leishmania displays striking conservation with Trypanosoma brucei, despite the latter parasite replicating its chromosomes from multiple, variable strength origins. Conclusions The demonstration of chromosome replication for a single origin in Leishmania, a microbial eukaryote, has implications for the evolution of origin multiplicity and associated controls, and may explain the pervasive aneuploidy that characterizes Leishmania chromosome architecture

Change in hematologic indices over time in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprin

Azathioprine leads to changes in mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and white blood cell (WBC) indices reflecting efficacy or toxicity. Understanding the interactions between bone marrow stem cells and azathioprine could highlight abnormal response patterns as forerunners for hematologic malignancies. This study gives a statistical description of factors influencing the relationship between MCV and WBC in children with inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine. We found that leukopenia preceded macrocytosis. Macrocytosis is therefore not a good predictor of leukopenia. Further studies will be necessary to determine the subgroup of patients at increased risk of malignancies based on bone marrow response. © 2010 Soman et al., publisher and licensee Adis Data Information BV

Change in hematologic indices over time in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine

Azathioprine leads to changes in mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and white blood cell (WBC) indices reflecting efficacy or toxicity. Understanding the interactions between bone marrow stem cells and azathioprine could highlight abnormal response patterns as forerunners for hematologic malig-nancies. This study gives a statistical description of factors influencing the relationship between MCV and WBC in children with inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine. We found that leukopenia preceded macro¬cytosis. Macrocytosis is therefore not a good predictor of leukopenia. Further studies will be necessary to determine the subgroup of patients at increased risk of malignancies based on bone marrow response

Building, scaling, and sustaining a learning health system for surgical quality improvement: A toolkit

This article describes how to start, replicate, scale, and sustain a learning health system for quality improvement, based on the experience of the Michigan Surgical Quality Collaborative (MSQC). The key components to operationalize a successful collaborative improvement infrastructure and the features of a learning health system are explained. This information is designed to guide others who desire to implement quality improvement interventions across a regional network of hospitals using a collaborative approach. A toolkit is provided (under Supporting Information) with practical information for implementation.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/156156/3/lrh210215.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/156156/2/lrh210215-sup-0001-supinfo.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/156156/1/lrh210215_am.pd

Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of shikimate dehydrogenase fromEscherichia coli

Shikimate dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli has been crystallized by the vapour-diffusion method using ammonium sulfate as a precipitant. Mass spectrometry confirmed the purity of the enzyme and dynamic light scattering was used to find the appropriate additives to yield a monodisperse enzyme solution. The crystals are monoclinic, space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a = 110.0, b = 139.8, c = 102.6 Å, [beta] = 122.2° (at 100 K). Native crystals diffract to 2.3 Å in-house on a rotating-anode X-ray source. The asymmetric unit is likely to contain four molecules, related by 222 symmetry, corresponding to a packing density of 2.86 Å3 Da-1

A Study on Copyright Protection of Mobile Applications in Small and Micro Computer Enterprises

As more and more small and micro software developers begin to participate in the development process and gradually become the intermediate force of Internet innovation, people are enjoying their life in scientific and technological progress. As a special kind of software, mobile application has the characteristics of lightweight and simple development, which enhances the difficulty of protecting rights and interests of its copyright owners, especially the small and micro software copyright owners. This paper will explore the particularity of its right protection and its solution, and dig out ways to further motivate social innovation