Potencial energético de los bosques y costes de suministro para Soria, España

Soria is a forested province in Northern Spain. The utilization level of the forests in Soria is low at present, but it is predicted to rise in the future. Because of the high altitude, heating is also needed. These form a good basis for increasing the use of wood chips in energy production. In this study, a procedure to estimate the potential of wood chip from forests and their procurement costs was adapted to Spanish conditions. The harvesting potential was estimated to be between 140,000 m3 and 280,000 m3 in 2010, and to double by 2030. Cost-supply curves were provided to aid in the planning of heating plant investments. Compared to European cost levels, the procurement costs in Soria are not high.Soria es una provincia con gran tradición forestal situada en la mitad norte de España. Actualmente el nivel de cortas en los bosques de Soria es bajo aunque se prevé que aumente en el futuro. Al ser una provincia montañosa, de clima frío en invierno, el uso de calefacción es necesario durante bastantes meses al año. Esto hace que sea interesante incrementar el uso de astillas de madera para producir energía. En este estudio, se adaptó a las condiciones españolas un procedimiento para estimar fuentes de biomasa leñosa y sus costes de suministro. Se ha estimado un potencial de aprovechamientos para 2010 que oscila entre los 140.000 y 280.000 m3, y el doble para 2030. Se han utilizado curvas de coste de suministro para ayudar a planificar las inversiones en plantas de producción de calor. Los costes de suministro en Soria no son altos comparados con el nivel de costes europeo

Apparent color and Raman vibrational modes of the unconventional superconductor Bi2_2Sr2_2CaCu2_2O8+δ_{8+\delta} exfoliated flakes

Studying and controlling the properties of individual exfoliated materials is one of the first steps towards the fabrication of complex van der Waals systems. However, prolonged exposure to ambient conditions can affect the properties of very thin exfoliated materials altering their physical properties. For this reason, it is imperative to employ versatile characterization strategies compatible with reduced ambient exposure times. In this work, we demonstrate that optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy are quick and non-invasive techniques to study flakes of the high-temperature superconductor Bi$_2$Sr$_2$CaCu$_2$O$_{8+\delta}$ (BSCCO-2212). The apparent color of BSCCO-2212 exfoliated flakes on SiO$_2$/Si has been studied allowing a rough and fast identification of the number of layers. Moreover, we find that thin flakes have a refractive index of around 1.7 in the visible range and 0.5 for the absorption coefficient near the maximum at 550 nm. We determine the optimal combination of illumination wavelength and substrate properties for the identification of different numbers of unit cells of BSCCO-2212. In addition, we report the hardening of the characteristic Raman modes at 116 cm$^{-1}$ and 460 cm$^{-1}$ as flake thickness decreases, possibly due to strain in the BiO and CuO$_2$ planes, respectively. Moreover, the evolution of the Raman modes establishes a second approach to determine the thickness of BSCCO-2212 thin flakes. As BSCCO-2212 is a challenging material to be due to its sensitivity to ambient conditions deriving in an insulating state, the present work provides a guide for the fabrication and characterization of complex van der Waals systems paving the way for studying heterostructures based on unconventional superconductors in the 2D limit

B lymphocyte commitment program is driven by the proto-oncogene c-myc

c-Myc, a member of the Myc family of transcription factors, is involved in numerous biological functions including the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in various cell types. Of all of its functions, the role of c-Myc in cell differentiation is one of the least understood. We addressed the role of c-Myc in B lymphocyte differentiation. We found that c-Myc is essential from early stages of B lymphocyte differentiation in vivo and regulates this process by providing B cell identity via direct transcriptional regulation of the ebf-1 gene. Our data show that c-Myc influences early B lymphocyte differentiation by promoting activation of B cell identity genes, thus linking this transcription factor to the EBF-1/Pax-5 pathway. Copyright © 011 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc.This work was supported by grants (to I.M.A.) from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (SAF2008-00118), the Mutua Madrileña Foundation, the Concern Foundation, and the Madrid regional government (S-SAL-0304-2006). M.V. is the recipient of a fellowship from the Tecnoambiente Company, D.F. and E.B. are the recipients of fellowships from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, M.O. is supported by a fellowship from the Madrid regional government and Fondo Social Europeo, and D.D. is the recipient of a “La Caixa” Foundation fellowship.Peer Reviewe

B Lymphocyte Commitment Program Is Driven by the Proto-Oncogene c-myc

We thank I. Antón, C. Cobaleda, D. Martinez, and L. Torroja for a critical reading of the manuscript, M.A.R. Marcos for his input, M. Busslinger for ikneo mice, M. Reth for mb1-cre mice, H. Singh for EBF-MIG vectors, the Centro Nacional de Biotecnología animal facility and the Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología and Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas FACS facility for help, and C. Mark for editorial assistance. Biotin–anti-NK1.1 Ab was a gift from C. Ardavín. This article is dedicated to the memory of M.A.R. Marcos.c-Myc, a member of the Myc family of transcription factors, is involved in numerous biological functions including the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in various cell types. Of all of its functions, the role of c-Myc in cell differentiation is one of the least understood. We addressed the role of c-Myc in B lymphocyte differentiation. We found that c-Myc is essential from early stages of B lymphocyte differentiation in vivo and regulates this process by providing B cell identity via direct transcriptional regulation of the ebf-1 gene. Our data show that c-Myc influences early B lymphocyte differentiation by promoting activation of B cell identity genes, thus linking this transcription factor to the EBF-1/Pax-5 pathway.This work was supported by grants (to I.M.A.) from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (SAF2008-00118), the Mutua Madrileña Foundation, the Concern Foundation, and the Madrid regional government (S-SAL-0304-2006). M.V. is the recipient of a fellowship from the Tecnoambiente Company, D.F. and E.B. are the recipients of fellowships from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, M.O. is supported by a fellowship from the Madrid regional government and Fondo Social Europeo, and D.D. is the recipient of a “La Caixa” Foundation fellowship.S