Efeitos do fornecimento de dietas pré-desmame para leitões: uma revisão

O fornecimento de alimento complementar ao leite da porca durante a lactação (creep feed) é um manejo comumente recomendado para produtores. A prática foi introduzida como estratégia para minimizar os efeitos deletérios do desmame abrupto e precoce, bem como para uniformizar as leitegadas a serem desmamadas, aumentar o peso ao desmame e acelerar a adaptação do trato gastrintestinal dos leitões a dietas sólidas. Estas dietas são formuladas buscando-se altos níveis de digestibilidade e palatabilidade. Para tanto, suas fórmulas incluem ingredientes de alto custo, como leite em pó, plasma em pó ou outras fontes de proteínas de origem animal, aminoácidos sintéticos, e produtos vegetais de alta qualidade. No entanto, resultados de pesquisas que indiquem que a simples oferta destas dietas é eficiente para minimizar os efeitos deletérios do desmame ou para facilitar a adaptação dos leitões a dietas iniciais ainda são escassos e pouco consolidados. A escassez de evidências de que o creep feed traga benefícios pode estar relacionada ao consumo extremamente variável e, frequentemente, baixo de dietas sólidas por leitões lactentes. Diante deste contexto, este trabalho propõe uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os fatores que influenciam o consumo de creep feed, seus efeitos sobre o desempenho e consumo durante a lactação, bem como a influência dessas dietas no desenvolvimento enzimático e na ocorrência de diarreias pós desmame em leitões desmamados entre 21 e 28 dias de idade.Providing solid feed to piglets during lactation, known as creep feeding, is a commonly recommended practice for swine producers. Creep feeding was introduced as a strategy to minimize the deleterious effects of abrupt and early weaning. It was supposed that it could raise weaning weights, standardize litters, and accelerate gastrointestinal tract adaptation to solid food. These diets are formulated for high digestibility and palatability levels. Thus, high cost ingredients, such as milk powder, spray-dried plasma, synthetic amino acids, and high quality plant products are included. However, research results that indicate that the simply providing these diets is effective to minimize weaning effects or to ease transition from sow’s milk to solid feed are scarce and not consolidated. This scarcity of evidences may be related to variable and often low intake of solid diets by weanling piglets. Given this context, this work presents a literature review about factors that may influence creep feed intake, its effects during lactation and initial phases, and also the influences of creep feed intake on enzymatic development and post-weaning diarrhea occurrence in piglets weaned between 21 and 28 days of age

Cromo levedura melhora a eficiência e a qualidade da carcaça de suínos alimentados com ração contendo ractopamina

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary chromium, CLA, and ractopamine on performance and pork quality of finishing pigs slaughtered at 115 kg BW. Ninety-six crossbred barrows (initial BW= 70.21 ± 1.98 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments. A diet formulated according to the nutritional requirements of 70- to 100-kg barrows of high lean genotype gaining l.l3 kg/day was used as the control (CON). The other five diets were based on the CON and supplemented as follows: 400 ppb Cr yeast (CrY); 0.5% CLA (CLA); 400 ppb CrY and 0.5% CLA (CrY+CLA); 20 ppm RAC (RAC); 400 ppb CrY and 20 ppm RAC (CrY+RAC). Lysine levels on diets containing RAC were raised by 20% compared to CON. Pigs fed RAC and CrY+RAC were fed CON for the first 17 d, and then the respective diets for the last 28 d on trial. There were 8 replicates per treatment (48 pens; 2 pigs per pen). Means were compared using Tukey test, excluding the CON. Dunnett test was used to compare the means of each diet containing additives to the CON. Initial BW was used as covariate. Pigs fed RAC and CrY+RAC had the highest (P 005), temperature (P > 005), water losses (P = 0.87), and shear force (P = 0.70). Lower L* values were found on pork from pigs fed CrY+CLA compared to pigs fed CON (P 0,05), a temperatura (P > 0,05), as perdas de água (P = 0,87) e a força de cisalhamento (P = 0,70) da carne. Menores valores de L* foram encontrados na carne de suínos alimentados com CrL+CLA em comparação aos suinos alimentados com CON (P < 0,05) e RAC (P < 0,01). Suínos alimentados com RAC apresentaram menores (P < 0,05) valores de a* em comparação aos suinos alimentados com CON. Os valores de b* foram semelhantes (P = 0,20) para todas as dietas. Não houve diferença significativa (P = 0,89) na concentração de gordura intramuscular. Não foram observadas diferenças nas concentrações séricas de glicose (P = 0,32), colesterol (P = 0,67) e triglicerídeos (P = 0,46). A concentração sérica de ureia foi menor (P = 0,03) nos suinos alimentados com CrL+RAC em comparação aos suinos alimentados com CON e RAC. A suplementação combinada de cromo e ractopamina aumenta a AOL e o rendimento de carcaça de suínos em terminação, sugerindo a existência de um sinergismo que pode estar relacionado a capacidade de cromo de aumentar a utilização de nutrientes em suinos suplementados com ractopamina. Os aditivos suplementados não apresentam efeitos importantes sobre a qualidade de carne.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológic

Efeitos do fornecimento de dietas pré-desmame para leitões: uma revisão

O fornecimento de alimento complementar ao leite da porca durante a lactação (creep feed) é um manejo comumente recomendado para produtores. A prática foi introduzida como estratégia para minimizar os efeitos deletérios do desmame abrupto e precoce, bem como para uniformizar as leitegadas a serem desmamadas, aumentar o peso ao desmame e acelerar a adaptação do trato gastrintestinal dos leitões a dietas sólidas. Estas dietas são formuladas buscando-se altos níveis de digestibilidade e palatabilidade. Para tanto, suas fórmulas incluem ingredientes de alto custo, como leite em pó, plasma em pó ou outras fontes de proteínas de origem animal, aminoácidos sintéticos, e produtos vegetais de alta qualidade. No entanto, resultados de pesquisas que indiquem que a simples oferta destas dietas é eficiente para minimizar os efeitos deletérios do desmame ou para facilitar a adaptação dos leitões a dietas iniciais ainda são escassos e pouco consolidados. A escassez de evidências de que o creep feed traga benefícios pode estar relacionada ao consumo extremamente variável e, frequentemente, baixo de dietas sólidas por leitões lactentes. Diante deste contexto, este trabalho propõe uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os fatores que influenciam o consumo de creep feed, seus efeitos sobre o desempenho e consumo durante a lactação, bem como a influência dessas dietas no desenvolvimento enzimático e na ocorrência de diarreias pós desmame em leitões desmamados entre 21 e 28 dias de idade.Providing solid feed to piglets during lactation, known as creep feeding, is a commonly recommended practice for swine producers. Creep feeding was introduced as a strategy to minimize the deleterious effects of abrupt and early weaning. It was supposed that it could raise weaning weights, standardize litters, and accelerate gastrointestinal tract adaptation to solid food. These diets are formulated for high digestibility and palatability levels. Thus, high cost ingredients, such as milk powder, spray-dried plasma, synthetic amino acids, and high quality plant products are included. However, research results that indicate that the simply providing these diets is effective to minimize weaning effects or to ease transition from sow’s milk to solid feed are scarce and not consolidated. This scarcity of evidences may be related to variable and often low intake of solid diets by weanling piglets. Given this context, this work presents a literature review about factors that may influence creep feed intake, its effects during lactation and initial phases, and also the influences of creep feed intake on enzymatic development and post-weaning diarrhea occurrence in piglets weaned between 21 and 28 days of age

Effects of providing preweaning diets to piglets: a review of the literature

Providing a solid diet in addition to sow milk during lactation (creep feed) is a management commonly recommended to producers. This practice was introduced as a strategy to minimize the deleterious effects of abrupt and early weaning, as well as to standardize the litters to be weaned, to increase weaning weight, and to accelerate the adaptation of the gastrointestinal tract of piglets to solid diets. Creep feeds are formulated to present high levels of digestibility and palatability and to contain high-quality and high-cost ingredients. However, the results of studies indicating that the simple offer of creep feed is efficient in minimizing the deleterious effects of weaning or in facilitating the adaptation of piglets to early diets are still sparse and poorly consolidated. The objective of this study was to review factors that influence the consumption of creep feed and the effects of consumption of these diets on performance during lactation, as well as possible effects on enzyme production, occurrence of diarrhea episodes and postweaning performance of piglets weaned at 21 to 28 days of age. The results indicate that the intestinal maturity of suckling piglets is not sufficient to permit voluntary consumption and adequate digestion of the diets. Even animals ready for consumption did not ingest sufficient amounts to promote enzymatic adaptation or to improve postweaning performance. Contrary to expectations, the consumption of creep feed, especially in low amounts, may be associated with sensitization of the gastrointestinal tract which results in hypersensitivity reactions and postweaning diarrhea. It can be concluded that the simple offer of creep feed is not efficient in promoting growth during lactation and postweaning, nor does it facilitate the early adaptation of weaned piglets to solid diets. Studies in this area are therefore necessary to develop techniques that can effectively minimize losses resulting from the practice of early weaning of piglets.</span

Early life microbial exposure shapes subsequent animal health

Biosecurity standards and farming practices have profoundly changed the way domestic animals interact with the environment and themselves. Farm intensification processes resemble the lifestyle changes that humans underwent post industrialization, and that have been linked to the occurrence of immune-mediated and metabolic disorders. Modern rearing reduces maternal and offspring interactions, promote changes in diet, restrict animals indoors, and rely on the use of antibiotics and vaccines to maintain animal health. These practices may hinder the proper colonization of the gastrointestinal tract with symbiotic organisms that co-evolved with livestock species. The gut microbiota aids nutrient digestion, stimulates immune and intestinal development and maturation, and promotes the competitive exclusion of pathogens. Microbial colonization in early life is critical for host metabolic and immune programming, and disruptions of gut microbial community stability can lead to development of metabolic and immune disorders seen at later stage of life. Identifying how farming practices influence microbial composition; and the potential effects on host physiology, metabolism and disease resistance is necessary to guide intervention strategies to promote beneficial microbial-host interactions, and improve animal health and performance.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author

Increased urinary losses in piglets fed diets containing high levels of glycerin

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the nutritional value of glycerin added to diets of weaned piglets and its effects on animal performance and urinary losses. Weaned piglets were individually housed in metabolic cages and fed diets in which a basal diet containing lactose (Gly0) was replaced by 50 (Gly50), 100 (Gly100), or 150 g kg−1 (Gly150) of glycerin; or a diet in which 100 g kg−1 of the lactose in the basal diet was replaced by glycerin (Gly100Lac0). Diets were offered for two periods of 12 days (phase I and phase II). Performance, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen retention (NR), and urinary production were measured. Digestible (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) of glycerin were calculated using substitution method and compared to iso-nutritional diets formulated with or without glycerin. No significant differences on average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were found. Glycerin inclusion caused a linear increase in urinary production. Piglets fed Gly100Lac0 diet had higher urinary production, compared with piglets fed Gly0. Glycerin had no significant effects on total tract apparent digestibility (TTAD) coefficients of dry matter (DM), crude protein, and gross energy (GE). Also, no significant effects were found in total tract apparent metabolizability (TTAM) coefficient of GE, NR coefficient, DE, ME, and fecal GE losses. Urinary production and GE in urine increased linearly and quadratically, respectively, with increased levels of glycerin in diets. The Gly100Lac0 diet resulted in lower DM TTAD and GE TTAM and higher GE losses in urine and feces compared with Gly0. The nutritional value of glycerin allows its inclusion at up to 100 g kg−1 in diets of weaned piglets without impairing animal performance and metabolism. Also, glycerin can replace 100 g kg−1 of lactose without impairing performance

Alternatives to antibiotics in diets of weaned piglets

ABSTRACT: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of growth promoter additives an alternative to antibiotics on performance, intestinal morphology and on microbiota of 21-to-35-day-old piglets. A total of 160 commercial crossbred piglets (males and females) with initial weight of 6.10±0.709kg were allotted in a completely randomized design with five treatments: Basal diet - Negative Control (NC); Basal diet + antibiotic (PC); Basal diet + mannanoligosaccharides (MOS); Basal diet + organic acids (OA), Basal diet + mannanoligosacharides + organic acids (MOS+OA), eight replicates and four piglets per experimental unit. The inclusion of additives in the diets had no effect (P>0.05) on the final average weight of piglets. Similarly, no effects (P0.05) of the dietary additives on intestinal morphology and microbiota composition (enterobacteria and lactobacilli). Use of antibiotics, prebiotics, organic acids or prebiotics associated with organic acids in the diet improves feed conversion of piglets from 21 to 35 days of age. The additives have no major effects on piglets’ intestinal morphology and microbiota