Anthurium mayoanum Camelo, Croat & Nadruz, Habit. Photos 2021, sp. nov.

Anthurium mayoanum Camelo, Croat & Nadruz, sp. nov. (Figs. 3–5) Anthurium mayoanum has truncate base leaf blades and coral-colored spadices. Owing to its slightly quadrangular heavily ribbed petioles Anthurium mayoanum is compared with five species. The species is morphologically similar to A. salvinii Hemsley (1879: 36) but the latter species differs by cucullate cataphylls and a pendent inflorescence with dull violet-purple and glaucous spadix; A. mayoanum is also similar to A. affine Schott (1855: 82) which has yellowish and shorter spadix that is thicker toward the apex, infructescences with berries red at the base, purple at the apex; A. mayoanum is also similar to A. macrospadix Lemaire (1862: 20), but the latter species has the blades being undulate-crispate on margins and much smaller reflexed spathe (3 cm long); A. mayoanum may also be confused to A. paraguayense Engler (1898: 361) but the latter species has the leaf blades lanceolate to oblong and narrowly acute at the base, a recurved spathe and the spadix green tinged with purple or gray-brown and the infructescences with purple berry; it is also similar to A. plowmanii Croat (1987: 42) but the later species differs by the inflorescence being short pedunculate, the spadix longer than peduncle and green to brown, tinged with violet and violet-purple as well at the red infructescences. Type:— BRAZIL. Pará: Aveiro FLONA do Tapajós, collected along the Rio Cupari just upstream of the community of São Francisco do Godinho, 3°47’18”S, 55°22’17”W, 17 m, 16 Jan 2020, Benjamin M . Torkeet al. 2242 (holotype RB 806923!, isotypes NY!, HSTM!). Epiphyte. internodes short, to 4 cm diam.; roots very dense, the uppermost directed upwards, short, pointed; cataphylls and prophylls lanceolate, straight, or weakly curved, briefly intact then pale-fibrous, brownish, mostly eventually deciduous. Leaves rosulate; petioles 6–10 cm long, erect-spreading, short, slightly trapezoidal, the adaxial surface broadly flattened with a bluntly acute lateral margin and a prominent medial rib, abaxially weakly 3-ribbed; geniculum 1.0– 1.5 cm long, shaped like the petiole, much paler; leaf blade (45–)60–100 × (13) 17–30 cm, obovate, slightly oblong to lanceolate, acute, weakly short-acuminate at apex, truncate to weakly cordate at base, moderately coriaceous, dark green and semiglossy above, medium green and semiglossy below; midrib narrowly and bluntly acute adaxially, more thickly raised and slightly paler, weakly 3-ribbed toward base, merely rounded otherwise toward apex abaxially; primary lateral veins 10–18 pairs, arising at 45° angle in the upper 2/3, to 90° or even somewhat recurved at very base, weakly raised and concolorous above, more prominently raised and slightly paler below; collective veins arising from the uppermost primary lateral veins; tertiary veins scarcely apparent above. Inflorescence spreading-pendent at anthesis; peduncle 30 cm long, greenish tinged weakly purplish; spathe 5–10 × 2.5–3.0 cm, lanceolate, spreading, acuminate at apex, rounded at base, green outside, coral or heavily tinged violet-purple inside; spadix 7–9 × 1 cm, cylindrical, tapering at the apex, coral color in pre-anthesis, brownish violet-purple at anthesis, coral-colored postanthesis, matte; flowers 9–10 visible per spiral; anthers cream to coral. Infructescence 10–15 × 2–5 cm, spreadingpendent, coral-colored. Berries 8–10 × 3.5–4.5 mm, reddish violet, oblong to elliptic. Phenology: —The species was found in post-anthesis condition and in fruit during January, 2020. Eponymy: —The specific epithet “mayoanum” is given in honor of Simon Joseph Mayo of Kew Gardens in England whose primary interest has always been Brazil. Simon has mentored many Brazilian students throughout his long career. One of his earliest accomplishments was the revision of Philodendron subgen. Meconostigma, a chiefly Brazilian group but his signature accomplishment was his book The Genera of Araceae written with the late Josef Bogner and Peter Boyce. Now retired Simon lives with his Brazilian wife Lucia south of London. Distribution:— Anthurium mayoanum is endemic to Brazil, known only from the Pará State,at the Cupari river, at about 16 m elevation and found in municipality of Uruará and Novo Progresso (Fig. 1). Habitat and ecology: —It’s epiphytic and can be found in Igapó Forest, Amazon. The flooded forests are known as Alluvial Dense Rainforest (Veloso et al. 1991). In the Amazon region, the Ombrophilous Dense Alluvial Forest receives the popular name of floodplain or igapó depending on the color of the river water, designations adapted to the scientific literature as being forests flooded by water muddy (floodplain) or black/transparent waters (igapó) (Pires 1974). Myster (2018) characterizes as the Igapó (black-colored water flooded forests), the action of aqueous solutions such as rain, dew, mist, and fog easily leaches various compounds out of plant biomass and necromass (mainly fallen leaves) creating “blackcoral-coloredwater.” The leached “blackcoral-coloredwater” is so common that it can lead to specific plant species adaptations and plant species associations (Myster 2018). The marked periodicity of rainfall and fluctuation of the river levels, many areas undergo periodic flooding cycles in the Amazon, which results in the creation of habitats for a high diversity of plant and animal species, including endemic and endangered species (de Lourdes et al. 2018). At the time of collection, it was in the dry period but later the water covered everything as the rainy season progressed in the region (Fig. 2). The light almost did not reach the ground in that place and is heavily shaded by the canopy. The population size was ca. 20 individuals with the majority being sterile plants. The species is being cultivated by Luiz Otávio Adão in Pará state (Figs. 4, 5). Conservation status: —Data available for the new species are still sparse and insufficient to assess its conservation status. According to the IUCN criteria (IUCN 2021), it is considered as Data Deficient (DD), until more information becomes available. However, we highlight that its natural habitat it is close to community of São Francisco do Godinho and later it can be impacted by anthropic actions, and therefore the attention must be given preserved this population. Notes:—The species is a member of Anthurium sect. Pachyneurium (Schott)Engl. (Croat 1991) and is characterized by its epiphytic habit, rosulate leaves, short densely rooted stem, lanceolate cataphylls, slightly trapezoidal petioles with a single prominent adaxial rib and three less prominent abaxial ribs, a short geniculum, obovate, slightly oblong to lanceolate, acute, weakly acuminate blades with the base prominently truncate as well as by its spreading inflorescences with a green lanceolate spathe outside, coral or heavily tinged violet-purple inside, a moderately tapered sessile coral to brown violet-purple spadix and oblong-elliptic reddish violet berries. The combination of leaf blades with truncate bases and the unusual coral color of the spadix (seemingly a mixture brown and violet-purple) is unique among species of Pachyneurium throughout the range of the section. Owing to its slightly quadrangular heavily ribbed petioles Anthurium mayoanum is compared with five species, A. affine Schott (1855: 82), A. macrospadix Lemaire (1862: 20), A. paraguayense Engler (1898: 361), A. plowmanii Croat (1987: 42) and A. salvinii Hemsley (1879: 36) (Table 1). The species most closely resembling the new species is A. salvinii, though out of range in Central America and Colombia it resembles this new species in habit and the shape of its inflorescence but that species differs in having cucullate cataphylls and a pendent inflorescence with dull violet, purple and glaucous spadix (GBIF 2021); A. affine differs by yellowish and shorter spadix that is thicker toward the apex, infructescences with the berries reddish at the base, purplish at the apex and it occurs widely distributed in Brazil, occurring in Northeast Region until Midwest (Coelho et al. 2020); A. macrospadix differing by having the blades being undulate-crispate on margins and by its much smaller reflexed spathe (3 cm long) (Lemaire 1862) and it’s native range is French Guiana and Suriname (Govaerts et al. 2021); A. paraguayense differs by having the leaf blades lanceolate to oblong, narrowly acute at the base, a recurved spathe and a spadix green tinged with purple or graybrown, Infructescences with reddishpurplish to magenta and it occurs only in Midwest of Brazil, in Mato Grosso Sul, near to Paraguay (Croat 1991, Coelho et al. 2020). Anthurium plowmanii differs by the blades being short-petiolate, longer than the peduncle, a spadix green to brown or green tinged with violet and violet-purple, infructescences with red berries and it occurs only in Northern region of Brazil, Acre, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, and Rondônia (Coelho et al. 2020).Published as part of Camelo, Mel De Castro, Croat, Thomas B., Coelho, Marcus A. N. & Aylward, Steve, 2021, A new species of ' Bird's Nest'Anthurium sect. Pachyneurium (Araceae) from Brazil, pp. 229-238 in Phytotaxa 523 (3) on pages 230-234, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.523.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/559139

Anthurium (sect. Pachyneurium) Schott 1860

Key to <i>Anthurium mayoanum</i> and related species of <i>Anthurium</i> sect. <i>Pachyneurium</i> <p> 1. Cataphylls cucullate and fist-shaped................................................................................................................................. <i>A. salvinii</i></p> <p>– Cataphylls lanceolate........................................................................................................................................................................ 2</p> <p> 2. Cataphylls with fine fibers; spadix much longer than peduncle; berries red............................................................... <i>A. plowmanii</i></p> <p>– Cataphylls with not fine fibers, variable; spadix shorter than peduncle; berries different colors.................................................... 3</p> <p> 3. Spadix yellowish to greenish at anthesis, cylindrical; berries reddish at the base, purplish at the apex............................. <i>A. affine</i></p> <p>– Spadix not yellowish to greenish at anthesis, colors variable, cylindrical, tapering at the apex; berries reddish-purplish to magenta............................................................................................................................................................................................. 4</p> <p> 4. Primary lateral veins <10; spadix greenish to tinged of purple, graybrown to brownish; inflorescence erect..... <i>A. paraguayense</i></p> <p>– Primary lateral veins> 10; spadix coral color or unknown; inflorescence pendent........................................................................ 5</p> <p> 5. Spathe 3 cm long; spadix color unknown, cylindrical, not tapering at the apex, 70 cm long.................................. <i>A. macrospadix</i></p> <p> – Spathe 5 cm long; spadix coral colored, tapered, 10 cm long..................................................................................... <i>A. mayoanum</i></p>Published as part of <i>Camelo, Mel De Castro, Croat, Thomas B., Coelho, Marcus A. N. & Aylward, Steve, 2021, A new species of ' Bird's Nest'Anthurium sect. Pachyneurium (Araceae) from Brazil, pp. 229-238 in Phytotaxa 523 (3)</i> on page 237, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.523.3.3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5591392">http://zenodo.org/record/5591392</a&gt

Anthurium pluricarinatum Camelo, Temponi, Baumgratz & Nadruz 2023

Key to <i>A. pluricarinatum</i> and morphologically similar species <p> 1. Cataphylls persisting as a reticulum of fibers, hairlike; peduncle less than 2× longer than spadix; spadix longer than peduncle.............................................................................................................................................................................................. <i>A. plowmanii</i></p> <p> <i>-</i> Cataphylls with other fibers, not hairlike; peduncle more than 2× longer than spadix; spadix shorter than peduncle......................2</p> <p>2. Petiole semilunar or obtrapezoidal, sulcate adaxially with acute margins, abaxially ribbed or obtuse; leaf blade with sharply wavy margins; inflorescence erect; spadix cylindric, clavate to rarely tapered...........................................................................................3</p> <p> <i>-</i> Petiole subcircular, sulcate to canaliculate adaxially with obtuse margins, abaxially obtuse; leaf blade non–wavy or with slightly wavy margins; inflorescence pendent; spadix tapered.......................................................................................................................5</p> <p> 3. Petiole semilunar, sulcate adaxially with acute margins, abaxially surface 3–6-ribbed; spadix cylindric, greenish-vinaceous to purple at anthesis..................................................................................................................................................... <i>A. pluricarinatum</i></p> <p> <i>-</i> Petiole obtrapezoidal..........................................................................................................................................................................4</p> <p> 4. Leaf blade lanceolate to oblong; concolor; inflorescence shorter than half of the adult leaves; spadix tapered, green, gray-brown to purple at anthesis....................................................................................................................................................... <i>A. paraguayense</i></p> <p> <i>-</i> Leaf blade elliptic to obovate; discolor; inflorescence longer than half of the adult leaves; spadix cylindric to clavate, yellowish-greenish to yellowish at anthesis............................................................................................................................................ <i>A. affine</i></p> <p> 5. Leaf blade up to 20 cm wide, narrowly lanceolate; spathe yellowish to greenishon both surfaces, striated at margins; spadix <10 cm long, lilac, with stipe 0.3–2.5 cm long.................................................................................................................... <i>A. santaritense</i></p> <p> <i>-</i> Leaf blade wider than 21 cm, elliptic or obovate; spathe lilac adaxially, greenish abaxially to vinaceous or brownish on both surfaces, absent striations at margins; spadix ≥ 9.5 cm long, vinaceous or brownish, sessile or stipe with 0.4 cm long..................6</p> <p> 6. Peduncle greenish, smooth (never ribbed); spathe lilac on adaxial surface, greenish on abaxial surface; spadix sessile or stipitate ca. 0.4 cm long; pollen yellowish; berries vinaceous at the base, purple at apex; seeds cream............................................. <i>A. leonii</i></p> <p> <i>-</i> Peduncle vinaceous to brownish, smooth or 1-ribbed; spathe vinaceous to brownish on both surfaces; spadix sessile; pollen whitish; berries entirely vinaceous; seeds yellowish..................................................................................................................... <i>A. solitarium</i></p>Published as part of <i>Camelo, Mel C., Temponi, Lívia G., Coelho, Marcus A. N. & Baumgratz, José F. A., 2023, Taxonomic updates in Anthurium sect. Pachyneurium (Araceae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, pp. 109-125 in Phytotaxa 599 (2)</i> on page 114, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.2.3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8008955">http://zenodo.org/record/8008955</a&gt

Anthurium (sect. Pachyneurium)

<i>Anthurium</i> sect. <i>Pachyneurium</i> <p> <b>from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest Domain: distribution and vegetation types</b></p> <p> Most Brazilian species of <i>Pachyneurium</i> section occurs in the Amazon Domain, which is thus the main center of diversity (Croat 1991). In the Atlantic Forest Domain, there are seven species reported (Fig. 2)— <i>A. affine</i> Schott (1855: 82), <i>A. leonii</i>, <i>A. paraguayense</i> Engler (1898: 361), <i>A. plowmanii</i> Croat (1987: 811), <i>A. pluricarinatum,</i> <i>A. santaritense</i> Nadruz & Croat (2005: 28) and <i>A. solitarium</i> Schott (1860: 478) that can be identified by sets of distinctive morphological characteristics of the leaves, inflorescences, pollen grains, fruits, and seeds, as presented in the key and Figs. 3–8.</p> <p> Most of the species mentioned above are endemic of Brazil, except for <i>A. paraguayense</i> and <i>A. plowmanii</i> due it occurs in Bolivia, Paraguay, and Argentina (Croat 1991). Indeed, most of the species here studied of <i>A.</i> sect. <i>Pachyneurium</i> are also endemic to the Atlantic Forest, except three: <i>Anthurium affine</i> (that occurs in Atlantic Forest, and can be found in <i>Caatinga</i> and <i>Cerrado</i> Domains; Coelho <i>et al.</i> 2020), <i>A. paraguayense</i> (that occurs in transition of Atlantic Forest/ <i>Cerrado</i> and <i>Pantanal</i> Domains; Croat 1991), and <i>A. plowmanii</i> (that occurs in Atlantic Forest/ <i>Cerrado,</i> Pantanal and Amazon Domains; Croat 1991).</p> <p> Species distribution of <i>Anthurium</i> sect. <i>Pachyneurium</i> from Brazil is shown in Fig. 2 and Table 1. <i>Anthurium pluricarinatum</i> increases to three the number of species found in the Brazilian Northeast Region, since previously only <i>A. affine</i> and <i>A. solitarium</i> were known from there. Furthermore, the species found can be distinguished by foliar and reproductive characteristics (Table 2).</p> <p> Even though the Brazilian Atlantic Forest Forest Domain is threatened, new species such as <i>A. pluricarinatum</i> continue to be described, warranting urgent efforts for the conservation of this phytogeographic domain. These actions must be associated with initiatives to describe the biodiversity and the ecological interactions between species in the <i>Restinga</i> environment.</p>Published as part of <i>Camelo, Mel C., Temponi, Lívia G., Coelho, Marcus A. N. & Baumgratz, José F. A., 2023, Taxonomic updates in Anthurium sect. Pachyneurium (Araceae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, pp. 109-125 in Phytotaxa 599 (2)</i> on pages 114-123, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.2.3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8008955">http://zenodo.org/record/8008955</a&gt

Typifications of some species names in Anthurium section Pachyneurium (Araceae)

During a taxonomic study of Anthurium sect. Pachyneurium, it was found that the names of four species required typification. Verification of the protologues and cited collections is discussed and typifications are proposed as follows: the illustration Schott Icones Aroideae No. 465 is designated as the neotype of A. affine Schott. A lectotype is designated for A. bonplandii G.S.Bunting since the holotype, cited in the protologue at MY, was not found there. An epitype is selected for A. solitarium Schott because the lectotype illustration of J.M.C. Vellozo (Flora Fluminensis t. 123) lacks sufficient detail to determine it unambiguously to species in A. sect. Pachyneurium. A lectotype is selected for A. glaziovii Hook.f., a synonym of A. solitarium

Adequacy of human milk viscosity to respond to infants with dysphagia: experimental study

Neonatal nutrition is an important subject in health in the short, medium and long term. In preterm newborns, nutrition assumes a predominant role for the child's overall development. Babies with uncoordinated swallowing or respiration may not have the necessary oral abilities to suck the mother's breast and will need to implement different feeding practices; one of them is changing the consistency of the milk offered. OBJECTIVES: Determine viscosity variations of untreated human and pasteurized milk without and with thickening to adapt the diet to the needs of dysphagic infants hospitalized in the Neonatal Intensive Cara Unit (NICU). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The authors altered the viscosity of natural infant powdered milk and, after thickening, determined and adopted a thickening standard for human milk. Untreated human and pasteurized milk was thickened in concentrations of 2%, 3%, 5% and 7% and the viscosity were determined every 20 minutes for a period of 60 minutes at a temperature of 37ºC. RESULTS: The infant lactose formula thickened at concentrations of 2% and 3% produced viscosities of 8.97cP and 27.73 cP, respectively. The increases were significantly different after 1 hour. Inversely, untreated human milk at 2%, 3%, 5% and 7% produced diminished viscosity over time; the changes were more accentuated in the first 20 minutes. In pasteurized human milk, the 2% concentration had no variation in viscosity, but with the 3%, 5% and 7% concentrations, there was a significant decrease in the first 20 minutes with stability observed in the subsequent times. CONCLUSION: In powdered milk, the viscosity increases over time; the viscosity in human milk diminishes. The results point out the importance not only of considering the concentration of the thickener but also the time being administered after its addition to effectively treat dysphagic infants

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora