Effect of gypsum and potassium on corn yield and on the exchangeable bases of an acid soil in La Frailesca, Chiapas

Objective: To evaluate the residual effect of gypsum in corn crops 2 years after application, in a previously limed soil, as well as the result of a new addition of gypsum combined with potassium in La Frailesca, Chiapas. Design/methodology/approach: Composite factorial: initial arrangement (2017) with four levels of gypsum (0, 1.25, 2.5 and 5 t ha-1) and four levels of potassium (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg K2O ha-1). In 2019, the plots treated with gypsum were divided into two, adding the same amount of gypsum applied in 2017 to half of each of them, and leaving the other half to evaluate the residual effect to the initial treatment. The potassium doses were the same as the original ones. Corn kernel yield, pH, exchangeable bases, and percentage of aluminium saturation were measured at depths of 0 to 7 and 7 to 14 cm from groun level. Results: The greatest effect on yield was obtained with 2.5 t ha-1 of gypsum applied in 2017 without significant increases with higher gypsum doses. The exchangeable calcium content and pH increased, but the magnesium, potassium and aluminum in the soil decreased. Limitations on study/implications: The assumed of Asphalt Stain Complex was diagnosed. Findings/conclusions: The authors point out the need to be careful when recommending gypsum as an amendment; an excessive application generates an imbalance in the exchangeable potassium and magnesium of the soil, so the incorporation of these should be considered in the fertilization plan.Objective: To evaluate the residual effect of gypsum in corn crops (2 years after its application in a previously limed soil), as well as the result of a new addition of gypsum combined with potassium in La Frailesca, Chiapas, Mexico. Design/Methodology/Approach: We used a composite factorial design. The initial arrangement (2017) consisted of four levels of gypsum (0, 1.25, 2.5, and 5 t ha-1) and four levels of potassium (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg K2O ha-1). In 2019, the gypsum-treated plots were divided in half: the same amount of gypsum applied in 2017 was added to the first half and the other half was used to assess the residual effect of the initial treatment. The potassium doses were the same as the original. Corn grain yield, pH, exchangeable bases, and aluminum saturation percentage were measured at 0 to 7 and 7 to 14 cm below ground level. Results: The greatest effect on yield was obtained with 2.5 t ha-1 of gypsum applied in 2017; no significant increases were recorded with higher gypsum doses. The exchangeable calcium content and pH level increased, while magnesium, potassium, and aluminum in the soil decreased. Study Limitations/Implications: Suspected presence of Tar Spot Complex was diagnosed. Findings/Conclusions: An excessive application of gypsum generates an imbalance in exchangeable potassium and magnesium in the soil; therefore, producers must exercise caution in the use of these products as part of their fertilization plan

Technological proposal for a greater irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) pro-duction

Objective: Validate the experimental results of irrigated maize production of the Autumn-Winter cycles from the years 2019 to 2022. Design/methodology/approach: Establishment of six validation plots, three in the Cuxtepeques Irrigation District and three in Irrigation Units. Results: The production of corn grain is up to 64% higher with the INIFAP technology compared to the traditional one; however, the average yield obtained in the validation phase was 11.5 t ha-1 compared to 15.9 t ha-1 in the experimental phase. Limitations on study/implications: Findings/conclusions: It is necessary to have machinery for precision planting and fertilization, efficient irrigation infrastructure, access to credit and permanent technical assistance to achieve yields similar to those obtained experimentally. Keywords: Corn; Irrigation; Frailesca, Chiapas.  O Objective: To validate the experimental results of corn (Zea mays L.) production under irrigation during the 2019-2022 autumn-winter cycles. Design/Methodology/Approach: Six validation plots were established, three in the Cuxtepeques irrigation district and three in irrigation systems in Chiapas, Mexico. Results: Corn grain production is 64% higher with the INIFAP technology than the traditional methods; however, the average yield obtained in the validation phase (11.5 t ha-1) was lower than the yield of the experimental phase (15.9 t ha-1). Study Limitations/Implications: None. Findings/Conclusions: Production requires machinery for sowing and precision fertilization, efficient irrigation infrastructure, access to credit, and permanent technical assistance to achieve yields similar to those obtained in the experiment

Effect of the application of potassium on the yield of corn (zea mays L.) in La Frailesca, chiapas Mexico / Efeito da aplicação de potássio na produção de milho (zea mays L.) em La Frailesca, chiapas, México

In recently soil analysis in La Frailesca Chiapas, it has been detected that most soils have low exchangeable potasium (K) concentrations, therefore maize plants show symptoms of deficiency of this nutrient, which can affect the yield. The maize response was evaluated at four doses of K (0, 90, 180 and 270 kg K2O ha-1) in three locations with non-acid soils. A randomized block design with five replications was used, and potassium chloride (KCl) as a potassium source. KCl was applied by manual broadcasting and was incorporated to the soil 10 and 15 cm deep with a disc harrow. In all three locations a significant positive response was observed (p <0.05) to which a lineal-plateau model was adjusted, with an average increase in yield of 1 964 kg ha-1 (150% higher than without K) with 90 kg K2O ha-1. No response was observed to higher doses. The regression equation for the linear part of the response model is: Yield (kg ha-1) = 3 855 + 22 kg K2O ha-1. The agronomic efficiency of K at the dose of 90 kg K2O ha-1 was higher than the reference range (7 to 15 kg grain.kg-1 K2O). At the same time, this treatment had the highest net benefit and a marginal rate of return of 370%. Under the conditions of this study, the application of 90 kg K2O ha-1 presented the highest yield, economic benefit and agronomic efficiency

Agronomic evaluation of corn (Zea mays L.) genotypes in the warm dry region of Chiapas, Mexico

Abstract: The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the agronomic performance of experimental genotypes of maize in three agro-ecological environments of the Centro de Chiapas region. During the spring summer 2016 agricultural cycle, six maize genotypes were evaluated in a randomized block design with four replications. The genotypes showed significant differences (P <0.05) for grain yield, plant height, ear length and number of rows; the interaction genotype by environment was not significant. The XT-5627 and XT-5610 genotypes showed greater stability and the first showed higher yield. The high yields were obtained in the Francisco Villa, Villaflores environment, of the Frailesca region, Chiapas. Objective: The objective of this research was to evaluate the agronomic behavior of experimental maize genotypes in three contrasting environments of the Central region of Chiapas. Design/methodology/approach: The experiments were established during the spring-summer 2016 agricultural cycle in the towns of Francisco Villa, Villaflores (730 m); San Luis, Suchiapa (600 m) and in Ocozocoautla (800 m), located in the Central region of the state of Chiapas. In the three sites, the climate is warm subhumid with rains in summer and presence of intra-festival drought during the second half of July and the first half of August.  Genetic material. The experimental genotypes were evaluated: XT-5614, XT-3402, XT-5610, XT-5612, XT-5627 and the BG7415W genotype of the Biogene company, which is used in commercial crops in the Center of Chiapas. All genotypes showed viability greater than 90%. The genotypes were distributed in the three experimental sites, which were used for seeding in a randomized complete block experimental design with four replications. The experimental unit consisted of four rows of 5 m in length each and 0.8 m apart, while the useful plot was formed by the two central rows. Variables evaluated. Days to male flowering (DFM), days to female flowering (DFF), plant height (AP), ear height (AM), ear length (LM), ear diameter (DM), rows per ear (HM) , grains per row and grain yield (REND) at 14% moisture. A combined analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out and the model of additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) was used for the evaluation of the genotype x environment interaction (IGA). The analysis of variance was solved with the SAS system (SAS, 2000) while the GEA-R program was used for the AMMI model (Pacheco et al., 2015). Results: The combined analysis of variance detected differences between genotypes (G) for most of the variables except in grains per row and days to male and female flowering; Between environments (A) there were significant differences for all variables, for the environment genotype interaction (IGA), there were only significant differences for the number of rows per ear (Table 1). The values of the coefficient of variation (CV) were from 1.26 (DFF) to 10% (REND), which indicates an acceptable control (<20%) of the experimental variability. The results show a genetic variation between the evaluated genotypes, which allows selecting the most outstanding ones. The evaluation environments represent the agroecological conditions, where maize is grown in the Central region of Chiapas and because they are contrasting, they showed differential effects and this condition is necessary in the evaluation of germplasm in the process of genetic improvement (Córdoba, 1991). Limitations on study/implications: With regard to ear height, the values are acceptable as short plants favor ear rot in hot climates, when there is excess weeds before harvest. The flowering of the genotypes is considered acceptable and they were earlier (55 days) in the Suchiapa site, probably due to the high temperatures of this locality and, in addition, there was the presence of intra-festival drought, compared to the other two experimental sites. The asynchrony between male and female flowering in all genotypes was not significant. Findings/conclusions: Among the genotypes, there were significant differences for grain yield, plant height, ear height, ear length, and number of rows; the genotype-by-environment interaction was not significant. The XT 5627 and XT 5610 genotypes showed higher stability and the former showed higher grain yield. The high yields were presented in the environment of Francisco Villa, Villaflores, of the Frailesca region, Chiapas.Objective. To evaluate the agronomic behavior of corn (Zea mays L.) experimental genotypes in three contrasting environments in the Central region of Chiapas, Mexico. Design / methodology / approach. The experiments took place during the 2016 spring-summer agricultural cycle at Francisco Villa, Villaflores (730 m); San Luis, Suchiapa (600 m) and Ocozocoautla (800 m), at the Central region in the state of Chiapas, Mexico. At the three assessed sites, the climate is warm subhumid with rains in summer and intra-stival drought during the second half of July and the first half of August. The genotypes XT-5614, XT-3402, XT-5610, XT-5612, XT-5627, and BG7415W from the Biogene Company were evaluated, which are used in commercial crops at the Center of Chiapas. All genotypes showed viability greater than 90%. Three experimental sites were evaluated, in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The experimental unit consisted of four 5 m long rows 0.8 m apart. The useful plot was formed by two central furrows. The evaluated variables were: days to male flowering (DMF), days to female flowering (DFF), plant height (PH), cob height (CH), cob length (CL), cob diameter (CD), rows per cob (RC), grains per row and grain yield (YLD) at 14% moisture. These were analyzed with an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and for the genotype x environment interaction (GEI) the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model (AMMI) were used, with the SAS statistical software and the GEA-R software. Results: The combined analysis of variance detected differences between genotypes (G) for most of the variables except in grains per row. and days to male and female flowering; there were significant differences between environments (A) for all variables, while for the GEI, there were significant differences for the number of rows per cob. The CV was 1.26 (DFF) at 10% (YLD), which indicates an acceptable control (<20%) of the experimental variability. The results indicated genetic variation between evaluated genotypes, which allows the selection of the most outstanding ones. The evaluation environments showed differential effects and this condition is necessary for the evaluation of germplasm for a genetic improvement process. Study limitations/implications: Cob height registered acceptable values given that short plants favor rotting in hot climates when weeds are present before harvest. The flowering of the genotypes was considered acceptable and was earlier (55 d) at the Suchiapa site. Findings/conclusions: Among the assessed genotypes there were significant differences for grain yield, plant height, cob height, cob length and the number of rows; the genotype-by-environment interaction was not significant. The XT 5627 and XT 5610 genotypes showed higher stability, and the former showed higher grain yield. The highest yields were recorded in the environment from Francisco Villa, Villaflores, at the Frailesca region, Chiapas

Erosión hídrica, productividad, captura de carbono y uso de la radiación solar y agua en tres sistemas de manejo, para la agricultura de ladera en el trópico subhúmedo de México.

En el trópico subhúmedo de México, la mayor parte de la agricultura se lleva a cabo en pequeñas unidades de producción en laderas abruptas truncadas donde la erosión del suelo es la principal causa de los bajos rendimientos e ingresos económicos. Con el objetivo de encontrar alternativas tecnológicas sostenibles, se evaluaron a nivel de microcuenca los sistemas: maíz en labranza cero con pastoreo (MLCP); maíz en barreras de muro vivo (MBMV) y milpa intercalada con árboles frutales (MIAF), en términos del control de la erosión, productividad, uso del agua y radiación solar, y captura de carbono. En los tres sistemas se determinó la relación entre la posición del suelo en la ladera en función de la pendiente con las condiciones de fertilidad del mismo, lo cual indicó que es conveniente considerar diferentes dosis de fertilización. También se determinó que los sistemas MIAF y MBMV contribuyeron a mejorar la fertilidad del suelo. Este efecto fue mayor sobre las áreas receptoras establecidas aguas arriba del filtro de escurrimientos por efecto del incremento en la acumulación de sedimentos, nutrimentos y la infiltración del agua de lluvia. El sistema MIAF y MBMV redujeron en 36% la entrega de sedimentos en las microcuencas con respecto al sistema MLCP, a la vez el sistema MIAF contribuyó a disminuir la pérdida de fósforo y nitrógeno en el escurrimiento y MBMV sólo el del fósforo. El sistema MIAF presentó mayor rentabilidad y eficiencia relativa de la tierra, uso más eficiente de la radiación solar y del agua, así como mayor captura de carbono por unidad de área con respecto a los sistemas MBMV y MLCP. Esto se debe a la interacción agronómica positiva entre los árboles frutales, maíz y frijol que permite una mayor eficiencia en el uso de los recursos, lo que da lugar a una productividad sostenible de las pequeñas unidades de producción, contribuyendo además con servicios ambientales. _______________ WATER EROSION, PRODUCTIVITY, CARBON CAPTURE, AND USE OF SOLAR RADIATION AND WATER IN THREE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR HILLSIDE AGRICULTURE IN THE MEXICAN SUB-HUMID TROPICS. ABSTRACT: In the Mexican sub-humid tropics, most agriculture is done in small production units on broken hillsides, where soil erosion is the main cause of low yields and low economic incomes. With the objective of finding sustainable technological alternatives, the following systems were evaluated at the micro-basin level: corn with no tilling and grazing (MLCP), corn in live fence barriers (MBMV), and mixed crops with fruit trees (MIAF). They were evaluated with regard to: erosion control, productivity, use of water and solar radiation and carbon capture. In all three systems, the relationship between the position of the land on the hillside with regard to the hillside and its fertility conditions was determined. This indicated that it is convenient to consider different fertilization doses. Also determined was that the MIAF and MBMV systems contributed to improve soil fertility. This effect was greater in receptor areas located upstream from the seepage filter by effect of the increase in sediment and nutrient accumulation, as well as rainwater infiltration. The MIAF and MBMV systems reduced sediment delivery in micro-basins by 36%, with regard to the MLCP system. Also, the MIAF system contributed to decrease phosphorus and nitrogen loss due to seepage, while the MBMV system only did so with phosphorus. The MIAF system showed a greater profitability and relative land efficiency, a more efficient use of solar radiation and water, and greater carbon capture per area unit than did MBMV or MLCP. This is because of the positive agronomic interaction between the trees and corn and beans, which allows for a greater efficiency in the use of resources. This, in turn, means a sustainable productivity for small production units, also contributing with environmental services.Tesis (Doctorado en Ciencias, especialista en Edafología).- Colegio de Postgraduados, 2011.Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias. Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT)

La producción de grano mediante el modelo granos del sur y su contribución a la soberanía alimentaria

The Grains of the South corn production model, implemented by INIFAP in the state of Chiapas, Mexico, during the Autumn-Winter 2015-2016 cycle, consists of four elements for its operation: technological supply, supplies and timely technical assistance, a multimedia transfer strategy for the development of capacities and the management of agro seed companies. Eighteen irrigated plots were established with different sources of supply, a characterization of producers and production units was carried out and two commercial hybrids generated by INIFAP were tested, with the aim of contributing to food security through the production of corn in irrigation units; the results indicate that in spite of the conditions of depletion of the aquifer mantles of the artesian wells, and the prevailing environmental conditions of high temperatures and precipitation decreased by 65%, the hybrids are statistically superior to the commercial hybrids of transnational companies, so that if at least three of the four elements of the model are met, it is possible to have an impact on approximately 6 million units of production and there by contribute to the reduction of imports of corn grains and have food security and thus sovereignty necessary for the almost 120 million Mexicans. Keywords:corn, food security, southeast of Mexico, transferEl modelo de producción de maíz Granos del Sur, implementado por el INIFAP en el estado de Chiapas, México, durante el ciclo otoño-invierno 2015- 2016, consta de cuatro elementos para su funcionamiento: oferta tecnológica, insumos y asistencia técnica oportuna, una estrategia multimedia de transferencia para el desarrollo de capacidades y la gestión de agro empresas semilleras. Se establecieron 18 parcelas en riego con diferentes fuentes de abastecimiento, se realizó una caracterización de productores y de las unidades de producción y se probaron dos híbridos comerciales generados por el INIFAP, con el objetivo de contribuir a la seguridad alimentaria mediante la producción de maíz en unidades de riego, los resultados indican que a pesar de las condiciones de abatimiento de los mantos acuíferos de los pozos artesianos, y las condiciones ambientales prevalecientes de altas temperaturas y precipitación disminuida 65%, los híbridos son superiores estadísticamente a los híbridos comerciales de compañías transnacionales, por lo que si se cumplen al menos tres de los cuatro elementos del modelo, se está en posibilidades de impactar en aproximadamente 6 millones de unidades de producción y con ello contribuir a la disminución de importación de granos de maíz y tener seguridad alimentaria y con ello la soberanía alimentaria necesaria para los casi 120 millones de mexicanos. Palabras clave: maíz, seguridad alimentaria, sureste de México, transferenci

Implicaciones prácticas y teóricas de la nueva ruralidad en la Frailesca, Chiapas, México

The new rurality as concept has been used in many ways, in academia some authors uses it to describe and categorize a different situation to conceive and operationalize the development towards rural population. In the political line, the new rurality has as premise that programs and actions of development favor social groups and also of beneficiaries historically be ne fite d wi th the de ve l opme nt actio ns . On the legal front, the new rurality emerged as an emerging concept to define and formalize de centralization of institutional activities towards the field, and the announcement of the collaboration, integration and operationalization of institutional activities with actors that from their perspective channeled actions to rural development. Hence the concept of new rurality has become popular from the recognition of the state that in rural there are not just agricultural activities developed for grown men and that not only he is the promoter of developmentLa nueva ruralidad como concepto ha sido utilizado de muchas maneras, en el ámbito académico algunos autores(as) lo utilizan para describir y englobar una situación diferente de concebir y operacionalizar el desarrollo hacia la población rural. En el renglón político, la nueva ruralidad tiene como premisa, que los programas y acciones de desarrollo favorezcan a más grupos sociales y que además de los beneficiados históricamente, también esos resulten beneficiados con las acciones de desarrollo. En el ámbito legal, la nueva ruralidad surgió como un concepto emergente para definir y oficializar una descentralización de actividades institucionales hacia el campo, y el anuncio de la colaboración, integración y la operacionalización de actividades institucionales con actores que desde su propia perspectiva canalizan acciones de desarrollo hacia la población rural. Por ello el concepto de nueva ruralidad se ha popularizado a partir del reconocimiento del Estado de que en el medio rural no sólo hay actividades agropecuarias desarrolladas por hombres adultos y que no sólo él es el promotor del desarroll