Da imagem visual do rosto humano: simetria, textura e padrão

Desde a idade antiga, a proporção é uma parte importante dos cânones da beleza, ainda que os gregos e os romanos tenham um conceito muito mais amplo sobre o tema do que a civilização contemporânea: a simetria era para eles não apenas o que se entende como simetria especular, senão, também, a proporção correta; e compreendia além do traçado antropométrico, o conjunto visual - com efeito: a textura da pele, o nível de atração do rosto frente aos padrões de beleza desejados - que a aproximava de uma imagem esteticamente bela. O objetivo deste estudo é realizar uma breve discussão a respeito das questões correspondentes à socioantropologia corporal a partir do rosto humano frente aos padrões contemporâneos de imagem e beleza. Em suma, simetria, textura e padrões faciais, além de biológicos, devem ser considerados constructos culturais que apresentam uma grande diversidade de estados e que suscitam imensa gama de atitudes.Since ancient times, proportion has been an important part of the beauty canons, even though the Greeks and the Romans have a much broader concept regarding the theme than contemporary civilization: to them, symmetry was not only what is meant by specular symmetry, but also the correct proportion; it encompassed, beyond the anthropometric outline, the visual set - skin texture, the level of attraction of the face in light of the desired standards of beauty - that made it approach an aesthetically beautiful image. The objective of this study is to discuss issues related to the social anthropology of the body based on the human face in light of the contemporary patterns of image and beauty. In short, symmetry, texture and facial patterns, besides being biological, must be considered cultural constructs that have a wide variety of states and which give rise to an enormous range of attitudes

Can hydrological models assess the impact of natural flood management in groundwater-dominated catchments?

Natural flood management (NFM) is widely promoted for managing flood risks but the effectiveness of different types of NFM schemes at medium (100–1000 km2) and large scales (>1000 km2) remains widely unknown. This study demonstrates the importance of fully understanding the impact of model structure, calibration and uncertainty techniques on the results before the NFM assessment is undertaken. Land-based NFM assessment is undertaken in two medium-scale lowland catchments within the Thames River basin (UK) with a modelling approach that uses the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model within an uncertainty framework. The model performed poorly in groundwater-dominated areas (P-factor 0.6). The model performed better in areas dominated by surface and interflow processes (Pfactor >0.5 and R-factor <0.6) and here hypothetical experiments converting land to broadleaf woodland and cropland showed that the model offers good potential for the assessment of NFM effectiveness. However, the reduction of large flood flows greater than 4% in medium-sized catchments would require afforestation of more than 75% of the area. Whilst hydrological models, and specifically SWAT, can be useful tools in assessing the effectiveness of NFM, these results demonstrate that they cannot be applied in all settings

Genética da doença de Parkinson no Brasil : revisão sistemática de formas monogênicas

Background: Increasing numbers of mutations causing monogenic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) have been described, mostly among patients in Europe and North America. Since genetic architecture varies between different populations, studying the specific genetic profile of Brazilian patients is essential for improving genetic counseling and for selecting patients for clinical trials. Objective: We conducted a systematic review to identify genetic studies on Brazilian patients and to set a background for future studies on monogenic forms of PD in Brazil. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science from inception to December 2019 using terms for "Parkinson's disease", "genetics" and "Brazil". Two independent reviewers extracted the data. For the genes LRRK2 and PRKN, the estimated prevalence was calculated for each study, and a meta-analysis was performed. Results: A total of 32 studies were included, comprising 94 Brazilian patients with PD with a causative mutation, identified from among 2,872 screened patients (3.2%). PRKN mutations were causative of PD in 48 patients out of 576 (8.3%). LRRK2 mutations were identified in 40 out of 1,556 patients (2.5%), and p.G2019S was the most common mutation (2.2%). Conclusions: PRKN is the most common autosomal recessive cause of PD, and LRRK2 is the most common autosomal dominant form. We observed that there was a lack of robust epidemiological studies on PD genetics in Brazil and, especially, that the diversity of Brazil’s population had not been considered.Introdução: Um número crescente de mutações causando formas monogênicas de doença de Parkinson (DP) tem sido descrito, principalmente entre pacientes da Europa e da América do Norte. Como a arquitetura genética varia entre diferentes populações, entender os perfis genéticos específicos de pacientes brasileiros é essencial para um melhor aconselhamento genético e para a seleção de participantes para ensaios clínicos. Objetivo: Revisão sistemática para identificar estudos genéticos brasileiros na área e definir o cenário para estudos futuros das formas monogênicas de DP no Brasil. Métodos: Nós pesquisamos as bases de dados MEDLINE, EMBASE e Web of Science desde a criação até dezembro de 2019, usando termos para “Parkinson’s disease”, “genetics” e “Brazil”. A extração de dados foi feita por dois revisores independentes. Para os genes LRRK2 e PRKN, calculamos a prevalência estimada para cada estudo e realizamos uma meta-análise. Resultados: Um total de 32 estudos foram incluídos e 94 pacientes brasileiros com DP com mutações causativas foram identificados em 2872 pacientes avaliados (3.2%). As mutações no PRKN causaram DP em 48 de 576 pacientes (8.3%). As mutações no LRRK2 foram identificadas em 40 de 1566 pacientes (2.5%), sendo a mutação mais comum a p.G2019S (2.2%). Conclusões: As mutações na PRKN são a causa mais comum de DP autossômica recessiva, e as mutações no LRRK2 a causa mais comum de DP autossômica dominante. Nós observamos uma falta de estudos epidemiológicos robustos em genética de DP, especialmente por não levar em conta a diversidade de nossa população

Multi-ancestry genome-wide association meta-analysis of Parkinson?s disease

Although over 90 independent risk variants have been identified for Parkinson’s disease using genome-wide association studies, most studies have been performed in just one population at a time. Here we performed a large-scale multi-ancestry meta-analysis of Parkinson’s disease with 49,049 cases, 18,785 proxy cases and 2,458,063 controls including individuals of European, East Asian, Latin American and African ancestry. In a meta-analysis, we identified 78 independent genome-wide significant loci, including 12 potentially novel loci (MTF2, PIK3CA, ADD1, SYBU, IRS2, USP8, PIGL, FASN, MYLK2, USP25, EP300 and PPP6R2) and fine-mapped 6 putative causal variants at 6 known PD loci. By combining our results with publicly available eQTL data, we identified 25 putative risk genes in these novel loci whose expression is associated with PD risk. This work lays the groundwork for future efforts aimed at identifying PD loci in non-European populations

Caracterização fenotípica e genotípica de parkinsonismo e distonia familiares no ambulatório de distúrbios de movimento do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais

Exportado OPUSMade available in DSpace on 2019-08-13T19:08:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sarahteixeira_camargos.pdf: 4298340 bytes, checksum: 6ffcd10e4cb2820095baeae4b63f912f (MD5) Previous issue date: 16O objetivo deste estudo foi fazer uma avaliação fenotípica e genotípica de pacientes com parkinsonismo e distonia de início precoce e parkinsonismo e distonia familiares. Foram atendidos no ambulatório de Movimentos Anormais do Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG 575 pacientes entre junho de 2005 e junho de 2006, dos quais 39% preenchiam critérios para parkinsonismo e 33% preenchiam critérios para distonia. Foram selecionados oito pacientes com doença deParkinson familiar de início habitual, 45 com doença de Parkinson de início precoce (PIP), 11 com distonia e parkinsonismo familiar, sete com distonia responsiva à dopa, quatro com neurodegeneração com acúmulo cerebral de ferro e 21 com distonia de início precoce e distonia familiar. Os pacientes foram caracterizados clinicamente e genes conhecidos (PRKN, PINK1, LRRK2, SNCA, GCH1, PANK2, DYT1, DYT12) foram seqüenciados de acordo com a doença dos indivíduos. Os éxons PRKN e SNCA foram dosados. Causas hereditárias puderam ser identificadas em 18,8% dos casos de distonia e parkinsonismofamiliares e de início precoce na presente série, permitindo inferir que causas não hereditárias, genes não testados ou genes ainda não descritos podem participar da etiopatogenia da doença nos casos em que o gene causador não pode ser identificado. Foram encontradas mutações novas nos genes PINK1 (del exon 7), LRRK2 (Q923H) e CGH1 (T209P). Foram também encontradas mutações jáanteriormente descritas em PRKN (W54R em heterozigose composta com V3I; heterozigose composta de 255Adel com T240M, heterozigose composta de P253R com duplicação do éxon 5 e também heterozigose simples de 255Adel e T240M), GCH1 (M211V e K224R) e PANK2 (N294I). Os indivíduos com parkinsonismo de início precoce e das demais séries de herança provável autossômico-recessiva foram selecionados para o estudo amplo do genoma a partir de single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Nenhuma SNP se mostrou estatisticamente relevante nos pacientes com PIP em relação aos controles. Não houve alteração estrutural (duplicação ou deleção) em nenhuma região não descrita em controles saudáveis. Foi encontrado um traço de homozigose comum em duas famílias com quadro clínico de distonia e parkinsonismo no cromossomo 2 em uma região compreendendo 1,2Mb. Os éxons codificantes dos 12 genes daregião foram seqüenciados e foi encontrada mutação segregadora de doença no gene PRKRA (P222L). O gene codifica uma proteína quinase de indução de interferon dependente de ativador de ácido ribonucléico (RNA) de dupla-fita. PRKRA ativa a quinase latente PKR no caso de estresse extracelular. Este foi, então, identificado como um novo gene causador de distonia, o primeiro com transmissão autossômico-recessiva, denominado DYT16.The aim of this study was to characterize phenotipically and genotipically patients with early onset and familiar parkinsonism and dystonia. During the period of june 2005 through june 2006, 575 patients were assisted at Movement Disorder Clinic, Minas Gerais Federal University. From all, 39% filled criteria for parkinsonism and 33% for dystonia. We selected eight familiar Parkinson disease patients, 45 earlyonset Parkinson disease patients (EOPD), 11 dystonia and parkinsonism patients, seven dopa responsive dystonia patients, four patients with diagnosis of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation and 21 patients with familiar dystonia and early onset dystonia. Accordingly with the phenotype, we studied the known genes PRKN, PINK1, LRRK2, SNCA, GCH1, PANK2, DYT1, DYT12. Genedosage was performed for the exons of PRKN and PINK1. Hereditary causes were identified in 18.8% of patients with parkinsonism and dystonia. We described new mutations in PINK1 gene (del exon 7), LRRK2 (Q923H) and CGH1 (T209P). We have found the described mutations in PRKN (W54R in compound heterozygous with V3I; 255Adel in compound heterozygous with T240M, P253R in compound heterozygous with exon 5 duplication, 255Adel single mutation andT240M single mutation), GCH1 (M211V e K224R) and PANK2 (N294I). Patients with early onset Parkinson disease and patients with autosomal recessive inheritance (negative for known mutations) were selected for Whole Genomic Association Study. We failed to find any SNP with significant statistical association in parkinsonian patients when compared with controls. We also failed to find structural association (deletion or duplication) in a region not previously described in healthy controls. A common homozygous track was found in two non correlatedand consanguineous families with dystonia and parkinsonism. This was located in the chromosome 2 in a region comprising 1.2Mb. The codifying exons from the 12 genes from region were sequenced and we found a mutation segregating disease at PRKA gene(P222L). The gene codifies a protein kinase, interferon-inducible double-stranded RNA-dependent activator. PRKA activates a latent PKR in case of cellular stress. We describe a new gene related to dystonia; the first with autosomal recessive inheritance, nominated DYT16. Non hereditary causes(environmental), not tested genes or not described genes might participate of the disease pathology in the cases we didnt find out the cause

New algorithm for the diagnosis of hereditary dystonia

Taking into account the crescent interest in the field of dystonia genetics, we have organized a didactic and fast algorithm to diagnose the main forms of hereditary dystonias. The key branch of this algorithm is pointed to dystonia classification in primary, plus, or paroxysmal. The specific characteristics of each syndrome will reveal the diagnosis