Fetal deaths in Brazil: a systematic review

OBJECTIVE To review the frequency of and factors associated with fetal death in the Brazilian scientific literature. METHODS A systematic review of Brazilian studies on fetal deaths published between 2003 and 2013 was conducted. In total, 27 studies were analyzed; of these, 4 studies addressed the quality of data, 12 were descriptive studies, and 11 studies evaluated the factors associated with fetal death. The databases searched were PubMed and Lilacs, and data extraction and synthesis were independently performed by two or more examiners. RESULTS The level of completeness of fetal death certificates was deficient, both in the completion of variables, particularly sociodemographic variables, and in defining the underlying causes of death. Fetal deaths have decreased in Brazil; however, inequalities persist. Analysis of the causes of death indicated maternal morbidities that could be prevented and treated. The main factors associated with fetal deaths were absent or inadequate prenatal care, low education level, maternal morbidity, and adverse reproductive history. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal care should prioritize women that are most vulnerable (considering their social environment or their reproductive history and morbidities) with the aim of decreasing the fetal mortality rate in Brazil. Adequate completion of death certificates and investment in the committees that investigate fetal and infant deaths are necessary

Diferenciais de mortalidade entre as regiões metropolitanas de Belo Horizonte e Salvador, 1985-1995 Mortality differentials between metropolitan areas of Brazil, 1985-1995

OBJETIVO: Analisar a evolução da mortalidade, por idade e sexo, segundo as causas de morte, nas regiões metropolitanas de Belo Horizonte (RMBH) e Salvador (RMS), entre 1985 e 1995. MÉTODOS: Os dados utilizados foram provenientes do Registro Civil, fornecidos pelo SIM (Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade do Ministério da Saúde). As causas de morte foram classificadas em evitáveis e não evitáveis. Aplicou-se o método de decomposição de Pollard para analisar a contribuição, na evolução dos ganhos de esperança de vida ao nascer, dos grupos de causas que tiveram um aumento da sua participação relativa na estrutura da mortalidade. RESULTADOS: O processo de declínio da mortalidade, em curso nas regiões metropolitanas estudadas, vem sofrendo mudanças nas últimas décadas com uma tendência à redução dos diferenciais existentes. No seu conjunto, as causas evitáveis reduziram seu peso relativo em ambas as regiões: na RMBH, de 36,5%, em 1985, para 30,6%, em 1995, entre os homens, e de 34,9%, em 1985, para 28%, em 1995, entre as mulheres. Na RMS, observou-se uma redução maior da participação relativa para as mulheres: de 35,4%, em 1985, para 25,9%, em 1995. Para os homens, essa participação passou de 44% do total, em 1985, para 39,7%, em 1995. CONCLUSÕES: Ainda persiste uma estrutura de causas de morte que pode estar indicando que, nas regiões estudadas, os progressos nos níveis de mortalidade não estão atingindo as populações menos favorecidas na intensidade e velocidade esperadas.<br>OBJECTIVE: To analyze differential changes of rates and stratification of mortality by gender and causes of death in the metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte (RMBH) and Salvador (RMS) between 1985 and 1995. METHODS: The Ministry of Health's Mortality Information System (SIM) provides data on death causes by age and sex that was used for this study. The groups of death causes were classified according to two major groups (preventable and non-preventable) and the decomposition method presented by Pollard was applied to analyze the contribution of each group of death causes in the changes in life expectation. RESULTS: There have been changes in the pace of the current mortality rate decline in RMBH and RMS, which have resulted in a reduction in the differences between the mortality rates in both areas. In both areas there was a substantial reduction in the mortality rates in the group of preventable causes, especially among women. CONCLUSIONS: There is still a structure of death causes, which seems to indicate that the improvement in mortality among the poor has been lower than it was expected

Violência e mortes por causas externas

Através de um estudo ecológico caracterizou-se a violência e as mortes por causas externas em Salvador e Bahia utilizando-se dados da Fundação Nacional de Saúde-Ministério da Saúde, dos registros de mortalidade e das estimativas populacionais do IBGE. O risco de morrer por homicídio no Brasil é 3 vezes o do Estados Unidos, chegando a ser 40 vezes superior ao do Japão. Homicídio foi a primeira causa de anos potenciais de vidas perdidos (13,4%) no Brasil (1997), seguido por acidentes de trânsito (10,6%). Causas externas foi a segunda causa de morte em Salvador e Bahia (1996). A violência tem raízes sócio-culturais e político-ideológicas e pode ser prevenida por ações intersetoriais e multidisciplinares

Sensitivity of South American tropical forests to an extreme climate anomaly

The tropical forest carbon sink is known to be drought sensitive, but it is unclear which forests are the most vulnerable to extreme events. Forests with hotter and drier baseline conditions may be protected by prior adaptation, or more vulnerable because they operate closer to physiological limits. Here we report that forests in drier South American climates experienced the greatest impacts of the 2015–2016 El Niño, indicating greater vulnerability to extreme temperatures and drought. The long-term, ground-measured tree-by-tree responses of 123 forest plots across tropical South America show that the biomass carbon sink ceased during the event with carbon balance becoming indistinguishable from zero (−0.02 ± 0.37 Mg C ha−1 per year). However, intact tropical South American forests overall were no more sensitive to the extreme 2015–2016 El Niño than to previous less intense events, remaining a key defence against climate change as long as they are protected