Tropical Data: Approach and Methodology as Applied to Trachoma Prevalence Surveys

PURPOSE: Population-based prevalence surveys are essential for decision-making on interventions to achieve trachoma elimination as a public health problem. This paper outlines the methodologies of Tropical Data, which supports work to undertake those surveys. METHODS: Tropical Data is a consortium of partners that supports health ministries worldwide to conduct globally standardised prevalence surveys that conform to World Health Organization recommendations. Founding principles are health ministry ownership, partnership and collaboration, and quality assurance and quality control at every step of the survey process. Support covers survey planning, survey design, training, electronic data collection and fieldwork, and data management, analysis and dissemination. Methods are adapted to meet local context and needs. Customisations, operational research and integration of other diseases into routine trachoma surveys have also been supported. RESULTS: Between 29th February 2016 and 24th April 2023, 3373 trachoma surveys across 50 countries have been supported, resulting in 10,818,502 people being examined for trachoma. CONCLUSION: This health ministry-led, standardised approach, with support from the start to the end of the survey process, has helped all trachoma elimination stakeholders to know where interventions are needed, where interventions can be stopped, and when elimination as a public health problem has been achieved. Flexibility to meet specific country contexts, adaptation to changes in global guidance and adjustments in response to user feedback have facilitated innovation in evidence-based methodologies, and supported health ministries to strive for global disease control targets

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Economic growth and environmental impact : is decoupling possible ?

S’appuyant à la fois sur des approches théoriques et empiriques, cette thèse vise à apporter un nouvel éclairage sur les liens entre croissance économique et environnement. Elle est organisée en deux parties. La première partie est consacrée à un réexamen de la question du découplage. L’étude de l’évolution de la problématique environnementale dans la théorie économique, dans le premier chapitre, montre non seulement que ce débat n’est pas récent, mais aussi qu’il n’est pas resté statique. Ensuite, dans le deuxième chapitre, après avoir montré la complexité du concept de découplage, notre étude réalisée à partir d’une nouvelle approche empirique semble montrer les preuves d’un découplage pour certains pays. La deuxième partie a consisté à expliquer le découplage. Le chapitre 3 qui porte sur l’analyse des principaux déterminants du découplage, nous a permis d’identifier trois principaux facteurs à la base du découplage (le niveau de développement, la structure de l’économie et le rapport socioéconomique à l’environnement), et aussi de montrer que leur impact sur le découplage est limité dans le temps. Le dernier chapitre qui est un prolongement du chapitre 3, porte sur l’analyse des déterminants du découplage dans une perspective régulationniste. A partir de cette approche, notre thèse a tenté de montrer l’importance du degré de préoccupations écologiques et de la qualité des institutions dans un pays pour parvenir au découplage. Ainsi, cette thèse semble montrer que les possibilités pour parvenir au découplage sont tributaires de plusieurs facteurs, et aussi que le découplage, même dans le cas du CO2, est parfois possible mais de façon non permanente.Using both theoretical and empirical approaches, this thesis aims to bring a new light on the link between economic growth and environment. It is divided into two parts. The first part focuses on a reconsideration of the decoupling question. The study of the evolution of the environmental problematic in economic theory, in the first chapter, shows that this debate is not new, and has not remained static. Then, in the second chapter, after to have shown the complexity (particularly its multidimensionality and the limits of approaches to measure the decoupling) of the decoupling concept, our study with a new empirical approach on several countries seems to show the evidence of decoupling in the case of certain countries. The second part consists to explain the decoupling. The third chapter which is focused on analysis of the main decoupling determinants, allowed us to identify three determinants (the development level, the structure of the economy and the socioeconomic relationship to the environment), and also to show that their impact on the decoupling is limited in the time. The last chapter, which is an extension of the third chapter, focuses on analysis of the decoupling factors in a “regulationniste” perspective. With this approach, our thesis has tried to show the importance of the degree of ecological concerns and the quality of institutions in a country to achieve decoupling. Thus, through these four chapters, this thesis seems to show that the possibilities to achieve decoupling are tributary of several factors, and also that decoupling, even in the case of CO2, is sometimes possible, but not permanently

Economic growth and environmental impact : is decoupling possible ?

S’appuyant à la fois sur des approches théoriques et empiriques, cette thèse vise à apporter un nouvel éclairage sur les liens entre croissance économique et environnement. Elle est organisée en deux parties. La première partie est consacrée à un réexamen de la question du découplage. L’étude de l’évolution de la problématique environnementale dans la théorie économique, dans le premier chapitre, montre non seulement que ce débat n’est pas récent, mais aussi qu’il n’est pas resté statique. Ensuite, dans le deuxième chapitre, après avoir montré la complexité du concept de découplage, notre étude réalisée à partir d’une nouvelle approche empirique semble montrer les preuves d’un découplage pour certains pays. La deuxième partie a consisté à expliquer le découplage. Le chapitre 3 qui porte sur l’analyse des principaux déterminants du découplage, nous a permis d’identifier trois principaux facteurs à la base du découplage (le niveau de développement, la structure de l’économie et le rapport socioéconomique à l’environnement), et aussi de montrer que leur impact sur le découplage est limité dans le temps. Le dernier chapitre qui est un prolongement du chapitre 3, porte sur l’analyse des déterminants du découplage dans une perspective régulationniste. A partir de cette approche, notre thèse a tenté de montrer l’importance du degré de préoccupations écologiques et de la qualité des institutions dans un pays pour parvenir au découplage. Ainsi, cette thèse semble montrer que les possibilités pour parvenir au découplage sont tributaires de plusieurs facteurs, et aussi que le découplage, même dans le cas du CO2, est parfois possible mais de façon non permanente.Using both theoretical and empirical approaches, this thesis aims to bring a new light on the link between economic growth and environment. It is divided into two parts. The first part focuses on a reconsideration of the decoupling question. The study of the evolution of the environmental problematic in economic theory, in the first chapter, shows that this debate is not new, and has not remained static. Then, in the second chapter, after to have shown the complexity (particularly its multidimensionality and the limits of approaches to measure the decoupling) of the decoupling concept, our study with a new empirical approach on several countries seems to show the evidence of decoupling in the case of certain countries. The second part consists to explain the decoupling. The third chapter which is focused on analysis of the main decoupling determinants, allowed us to identify three determinants (the development level, the structure of the economy and the socioeconomic relationship to the environment), and also to show that their impact on the decoupling is limited in the time. The last chapter, which is an extension of the third chapter, focuses on analysis of the decoupling factors in a “regulationniste” perspective. With this approach, our thesis has tried to show the importance of the degree of ecological concerns and the quality of institutions in a country to achieve decoupling. Thus, through these four chapters, this thesis seems to show that the possibilities to achieve decoupling are tributary of several factors, and also that decoupling, even in the case of CO2, is sometimes possible, but not permanently

Synthesis and crystal structure of a new coordination polymer based on lanthanum and 1,4-phenylenediacetate ligands

Reaction in gel between the sodium salt of 1,4-phenylenediacetic acid (Na2C10O4H8–Na2p-pda) and lanthanum chloride yields single crystals of the three-dimensional coordination polymer poly[[tetraaquatris(μ-1,4-phenylenediacetato)dilanthanum(III)] octahydrate], {[La2(C10H8O4)3(H2O)4]·8H2O}∞. The LaIII coordination polyhedron can be described as a slightly distorted monocapped square antiprism. One of the two p-pda2− ligands is bound to four LaIII ions and the other to two LaIII ions. Each LaIII atom is coordinated by five ligands, thereby generating a metal–organic framework with potential porosity properties

Approche régulationniste de la diversité des dispositifs institutionnels environnementaux des pays de l’OCDE

Dans la lignée de travaux régulationnistes sur la diversité des capitalismes, cet article a pour objet d’analyser l’hypothèse d’une diversité des « dispositifs institutionnels environnementaux » (DIE) des pays de l’OCDE. En recourant à plusieurs méthodes d’analyse de données, il s’agit successivement de mettre en évidence les axes factoriels permettant de structurer cette diversité et de réaliser une typologie des diverses catégories de pays au regard de leurs DIE. Une comparaison est alors faite avec la typologie des catégories de capitalisme de Bruno Amable (2005). L’exercice comparatif n’apparaît probant que pour les économies de type libéral et celles qui relèvent du « capitalisme méditerranéen ». Une explication de ce lien paraît pouvoir être apportée par une analyse en termes de complémentarité institutionnelle entre les DIE et les formes institutionnelles (ou domaines institutionnels) constituant les formes de capitalisme.This paper analyses the hypothesis of a diversity of “environmental institutional devices” (EID) within OECD countries from a traditional regulationist point of view on the diversity of capitalisms. Using multidimensional statistical analysis, we highlight the factorial axes that structure this diversity and we build an EID based typology of countries. A comparison follows with the typology of capitalisms of Amable (2005). This comparison appears to be only conclusive for liberal and Mediterranean models of capitalism. One explanation of this link seems to be found using an analysis of the institutional complementarity between EID and the institutional areas that build Amable’s models of capitalism.En la misma línea de los trabajos regulacionistas sobre la diversidad de capitalismos, este artículo tiene por objeto analizar la hipótesis de una diversidad de dispositivos institucionales relativos al medio ambiente (DIE) de los países de la OCDE. Recurriendo a diversos métodos de análisis de datos, se trata sucesivamente de poner en evidencia los ejes factoriales que permitan estructurar esa diversidad y realizar una tipología de las diversas categorías de países con respecto a sus DIE. Una comparación se hace luego con la tipología de “categorías del capitalismo” de Bruno Amable (2005). El ejercicio comparativo solo es pertinente para las economías de tipo “liberal” y aquellas que se inscriben en el “capitalismo mediterráneo”. Une explicación de esta relación podría ser aportada por un análisis en términos de c complementariedad institucional entre los DIE y las formas institucionales (o dominios institucionales) que constituyen las formas de capitalismo

Factors associated with the nutritional status of children under 5 years of age in Guinea between 2005 and 2018

International audienceAbstract Objective: To determine the factors associated with the nutritional status of children under 5 years of age in Guinea between 2005 and 2018. Design: Data from the 2005, 2012 and 2018 Guinea Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) were used for this study. Three anthropometric indicators (stunting, underweight and wasting) were assessed according to the 2006 WHO Child Growth Standards and analysed according to the year, the characteristics of the household, the child and the mother using multivariate logistic regression. Setting: Data were collected in the capital Conakry and in the seven administrative regions of Guinea. Participants: The study included children under 5 years of age for whom height and weight were available: 2765 (DHS-2005), 3220 (DHS-2012) and 3551 (DHS-2018). Results: Analysis of the data from the three surveys showed that children living in rural areas were more likely to be stunted than children living in urban areas (OR = 1·32, 95 % CI (1·08, 1·62)). Similarly, the children from middle, poor and the poorest households were more likely to be stunted and underweight than children from richest households. The chance to stunting increased with age in the first 3 years. However, the chance to wasting decreased with age. Children in all age groups were more likely of being underweight. Children of thin mothers were more likely to be both wasted (OR = 2·0, 95 % CI (1·5, 2·6)) and underweight (OR = 1·9, 95 % CI (1·5, 2·3)). Conclusion: The implementation of targeted interventions adapted to the observed disparities could considerably improve the nutritional status of children and mothers

Extensively drug resistant tuberculosis in Mali: a case report

Abstract Background Drug resistant tuberculosis presents a major public health challenge. Case presentation We present here the first two patients diagnosed with extensively drug resistant tuberculosis in Bamako, Mali. Genotypic findings suggest possible nosocomial transmission from the first patient to the second one, resulting in superinfection of the second patient. After being diagnosed with extensively drug resistant tuberculosis in August 2016, the patients only started receiving appropriate treatment 10 months later. Conclusion The identification of these patients highlights the need for improved diagnostic and treatment algorithms for better surveillance and management of drug resistance in Mali. In the interest of these as well as future patients suffering from resistant tuberculosis, all steps recommended for programmatic management of drug resistant tuberculosis must be urgently prioritized in order to strengthen the multidrug resistant tuberculosis program