Molecular Epidemiology of Agents of Human Chromoblastomycosis in Brazil with the Description of Two Novel Species

The human mutilating disease chromoblastomycosis is caused by melanized members of the order Chaetothyriales. To assess population diversity among 123 clinical strains of agents of the disease in Brazil we applied sequencing of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer region, and partial cell division cycle and β-tubulin genes. Strains studied were limited to three clusters divided over the single family Herpotrichiellaceae known to comprise agents of the disease. A Fonsecaea cluster contained the most important agents, among which F. pedrosoi was prevalent with 80% of the total set of strains, followed by 13% for F. monophora, 3% for F. nubica, and a single isolate of F. pugnacius. Additional agents, among which two novel species, were located among members of the genus Rhinocladiella and Cyphellophora, with frequencies of 3% and 1%, respectively

Multilocus tree of <i>Rhinocladiella</i> based on ITS and partial <i>BT2</i> sequences.

<p>Constructed with maximum likelihood implemented in MEGA 7. Bootstrap values of >80% from 100 resampled data sets are shown with branches. <i>Cladophialophora yegresii</i> and <i>C</i>. <i>carrionii</i> comprised the outgroup. Novel species causing chromoblastomycosis are indicated with red branches. Type strain in bold.</p

<i>Rhinocladiella tropicalis</i>, microscopic morphology.

<p>(A) Colonies on SGA; (B, C) twisted hyphae and conidia; (D-G) conidiophores with conidia produced in sympodial order; (H-O) conidial apparatus with conidia. Scale bars 10 μm.</p

Cardinal temperatures of strains described.

<p>(A) <i>Cyphellophora ludoviensis</i> with optimal growth temperature at 30°C and maximum at 37°C. (B) <i>Rhinocladiella tropicalis</i> with optimal development at 27°C and maximum at 37°C.</p

<i>Cyphellophora ludoviensis</i> microscopic morphology.

<p>(A) colonies on SGA; (B-E) hyphae with chlamydospores and lateral extensions; (F) anastomosis; (G-H) spirally twisted hyphae; (I) poorly differentiated phialide producing conidia; (J-P) chlamydospores and conidia. Scale bars 10 μm.</p

Phylogeny of a representative selection of species in Chaetothyriales, based on confidently aligned LSU sequences.

<p>Constructed with Maximum likelihood implemented in MEGA 7. Bootstrap values > 80% from 100 resampled datasets are shown with branches. Coloured boxes represent species complexes taken from de Hoog et al. [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005102#pntd.0005102.ref021" target="_blank">21</a>], Feng et al. [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005102#pntd.0005102.ref022" target="_blank">22</a>], and Vicente et al. [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005102#pntd.0005102.ref023" target="_blank">23</a>]. Clades with species causing chromoblastomycosis analysed in this study are indicated with arrows. Type strain in bold.</p

Strains analysed.

<p>Strains analysed.</p

Multilocus tree of <i>Cyphellophora</i> based on ITS and partial <i>BT2</i> sequences.

<p>Constructed with maximum likelihood implemented in MEGA 7. Bootstrap values of >80% from 100 resampled data sets are shown with branches. <i>Cladophialophora yegresii</i> and <i>C</i>. <i>carrionii</i> comprised the outgroup. Novel species causing chromoblastomycosis are indicated with red branches. Type strain in bold.</p