Kenya in Motion 2000-2020

This edited volume offers a broad understanding and particular visions of Kenya in the first quarter of the twenty-first century. By bringing together rigorous yet accessible contributions, it shows how, since the 2002 transition, Kenya has been striving for change through economic modernisation and political liberalisation. The planned transformations are coming to fruition, even if the legacies of the past and political habits are slowing down the process. The various chapters take us from developmental capitalism to extreme poverty and enduring inequalities, from reforms on paper to mixed results in multiple sectors: decentralised governance, natural resources, land, and education. They also explore Kenya’s ancient and colonial history and the diversity of its population. Thus, the book helps understand contemporary political, religious and community cleavages, the asymmetries between towns and the countryside, between Nairobi and the coast, in a country open to the world, as much through trade and finance as through art networks.Cet ouvrage offre une saisie synthétique et des visions particulières du Kenya en ce premier quart du XXIe siècle. Il rassemble des contributions rigoureuses et accessibles pour montrer comment, depuis l’alternance de 2002, le Kenya s’efforce de changer par la modernisation économique et la libéralisation politique. Les transformations annoncées voient le jour, même si les legs du passé et les habitus politiques en ralentissent la marche. Les différents chapitres nous mènent du capitalisme développemental kényan à la grande pauvreté et aux inégalités vivaces, des réformes sur le papier aux mises en œuvre en demi-teinte dans de multiples secteurs : gouvernance décentralisée, ressources naturelles, foncier, éducation. L’histoire ancienne et coloniale, la diversité du peuplement au Kenya permettent de mieux comprendre les clivages politiques, religieux et communautaires, les asymétries entre villes et campagnes, entre Nairobi et la côte, dans un Kenya ouvert sur le monde, autant par le commerce et la finance que par les réseaux de l’art

Le Kenya en marche, 2000-2020

Cet ouvrage offre une saisie synthétique et des visions particulières du Kenya en ce premier quart du XXIe siècle. Il rassemble des contributions rigoureuses et accessibles pour montrer comment, depuis l’alternance de 2002, le Kenya s’efforce de changer par la modernisation économique et la libéralisation politique. Les transformations annoncées voient le jour, même si les legs du passé et les habitus politiques en ralentissent la marche. Les différents chapitres nous mènent du capitalisme développemental kényan à la grande pauvreté et aux inégalités vivaces, des réformes sur le papier aux mises en œuvre en demi-teinte dans de multiples secteurs : gouvernance décentralisée, ressources naturelles, foncier, éducation. L’histoire ancienne et coloniale, la diversité du peuplement au Kenya permettent de mieux comprendre les clivages politiques, religieux et communautaires, les asymétries entre villes et campagnes, entre Nairobi et la côte, dans un Kenya ouvert sur le monde, autant par le commerce et la finance que par les réseaux de l’art.This edited volume offers a broad understanding and particular visions of Kenya in the first quarter of the twenty-first century. By bringing together rigorous yet accessible contributions, it shows how, since the 2002 transition, Kenya has been striving for change through economic modernisation and political liberalisation. The planned transformations are coming to fruition, even if the legacies of the past and political habits are slowing down the process. The various chapters take us from developmental capitalism to extreme poverty and enduring inequalities, from reforms on paper to mixed results in multiple sectors: decentralised governance, natural resources, land, and education. They also explore Kenya’s ancient and colonial history and the diversity of its population. Thus, the book helps understand contemporary political, religious and community cleavages, the asymmetries between towns and the countryside, between Nairobi and the coast, in a country open to the world, as much through trade and finance as through art networks

Surfaces fonctionnalisées mixtes d'alcanethiols et d'aminothiols polyfluorés comme nouvelle plate-forme d'élaboration de biopuces

MONTPELLIER-BU Sciences (341722106) / SudocSudocFranceF

Surfaces fonctionnalisées mixtes d'alcanethiols et d'aminothiols polyfluorés comme nouvelle plate-forme d'élaboration de biopuces

MONTPELLIER-BU Sciences (341722106) / SudocSudocFranceF

Structure–property relationships in multicomponent oxide glasses.

Cations play a complex structural role in oxide glasses, as they occur in different kinds of environments, which allow them to exert a contrasted influence on physical and chemical properties of these glasses. The combination of structural information given by a wide range of spectroscopic methods and by radiation scattering, combined with numerical modelling, has given insight on the structural organisation around these cations. Among these characteristic properties are unusually low-coordination numbers, such as 5-fold coordination, and the presence of extended ordered domains, in which cation polyhedra are edge- or corner-sharing. This review presents evidence for a structural control of several physical and chemical properties in oxide multicomponent glasses. The use of zinc as a stabilising glass component arises from its network-forming position, which implies the presence of low-charge cations in its surrounding and as a consequence decreases the concentration of modifier components. The compositional dependence of glass coloration by transition elements has been investigated thoroughly through the example of nickel in silicate and borate glasses. The wide range of coloration observed may be explained by the existence of three kinds of environments, with nickel occurring in 4-, 5-, and 6- coordination. The relationships of these sites with the medium-range organisation of the glasses have been understood by a combined use of EXAFS spectroscopy and neutron scattering with isotopic substitution. The two other examples that are presented to illustrate structure–property relationships concern the physical solubility of gazes in glasses and the alteration processes of glasses used as analogues of nuclear waste matrices. In this last example, the use of structural probes as zirconium illustrates the influence of the alteration solution on the process of glass corrosion and further development of a gel at the glass–solution interface. A comparison with the evolution of the surrounding of iron shows that the two major processes, hydrolysis/condensation and dissolution/precipitation, depend on the element considered

Novel 8-Oxotheaspiranes and Dihydro Analogues Possessing a Partly Fluorinated Ring

International audienc

Incipient formation of zircon and hafnon during glass alteration at 90°C

International audienceLayered zircon and hafnon are observed at the surface of gels resulting from the complete alteration of Zr‐ or Hf‐bearing borosilicate glasses at 90°C and pH 1. The unusually low temperature of formation may arise from the similarity of the local structure around Zr in the gel (from the altered glasses), the leaching solution and the zircon structure, in particular, the majority eight‐coordination of Zr and the connectivity of Zr‐sites with their surroundings. Similar behavior is expected for Hf, which mimics Zr speciation in solution and hafnon structure. This work expands the known formation methods of zircon and hafnon at low temperature, underlining the importance of amorphous precursors to facilitate crystal growth under unusual conditions

New Semifluorinated Dithiols Self-Assembled Monolayers on Copper Platform

International audienceNew α,ω-semifluorinated dithiols HS-(CH2)11-(CF2)n-(CH2)11-SH, called DTn, and corresponding dithioacetate molecules CH3COS-(CH2)11-(CF2)n-(CH2)11-SCOCH3, called DTAn (n = 4, 6, 8), were synthesized and used to create self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on both untreated copper surfaces and electrochemically reduced ones. The aim of this study is to assess the organization of the resulting SAMs, particularly the effect of the presence of two perhydrogenated segments surrounding the perfluorinated one, and the ability of these difunctional molecules to bind copper substrates by only one end per molecule. In each case, the organization of the SAM is rather poor and only DTA8 molecules seem to adopt an upright position on reduced copper. In addition, the layers have been investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) to assess their coverage. DT4 SAMs reveal a covering ratio higher than 99%

Polyurethane aerogels synthesis for thermal insulation – textural, thermal and mechanical properties

International audiencePolyurethane aerogels were prepared via sol-gel synthesis and dried with supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) according to catalyst concentration. The influence of this parameter was investigated, first in order to modify the reaction kinetics, then to study its impact on several characteristics. It was observed that this parameter influences the global shrinkage and the bulk density of the resulting materials. The effect of catalyst concentration on the dry samples was then studied in terms of textural, thermal and mechanical properties, thanks to scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen (N2) adsorption, non-intrusive mercury (Hg) porosimetry, thermal conductivity measurements and uniaxial compression tests. Results allowed us to identify correlations between these characteristics and to determine an optimal density range for thermal and mechanical compromise associated with a fine internal mesoporous texture