Kinematic analysis of backard and forward walking on land and in shallow water

El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar las variables cinemáticas de la marcha (hacia adelante -AD- y hacia atrás-AT-) en el medio terrestre y en el medio acuático. Ocho adultos (22.12 ± 1.13 años) realizaron el protocolo con el objeto de cubrir una distancia de 10 metros a velocidad confortable y con una frecuencia de paso controlada. Se colocaron marcadores reflectantes en las extremidades inferiores y, posteriormente, se digitalizaron para obtener información cinemática. En agua los valores de la velocidad, longitud de ciclo, longitud de paso y duración de la fase de soporte fueron menores mientras que los de simetría de longitud de paso fueron mayores (p<0.05 para todos) en comparación con el medio terrestre. Al inicio del contacto (IC), la marcha AD en agua estaba asociada con una mayor flexión de rodilla y cadera en comparación con la marcha en seco o AT. El tobillo tenía una mayor dorsiflexión en la marcha AT en seco que en agua. Al final de la fase de apoyo (FA), la rodilla y el tobillo estaban más flexionados en la marcha AD y la cadera más flexionada en la marcha AT en el medio acuático. El centro de masas (CM) de la cadera muestra una mayor inestabilidad en el plano mediolateral y vertical en agua que en tierra. Los resultados muestran que las adaptaciones que realizan los participantes en la marcha en el agua difieren de las realizadas en la marcha en el medio terrestre y proporcionan un punto de partida para el desarrollo y la prescripción de programas de rehabilitación.The aim of this study was to compare lower limbs and center of mass kinematics during walking (forward –FW- and backward –BW-) on land and in shallow water. Eight healthy adults (22.12 ± 1.13 years) performed the protocol to cover a distance of 10m at comfortable speed with controlled step frequency. Reflective markers were placed on the lower limbs and digitalized later to obtain kinematics information. In water the values of speed, stride length, step length and support phase were lower whilst those of symmetry of step length were greater (p<0.05 for all) than land conditions. At initial contact (IC), FW in water was associated with more knee and hip flexion compared to on land or at BW. Ankle was more dorsiflexed at BW on land than in water. At final stance (FS), the knee and ankle was more flexed at FW and the hip was more flexed at BW in water. The center of mass (COM) of the hip showed more instability at mediolateral and vertical plane in water than on land. The results suggest that the participants’ adaptations to walking in water differ from those in walking on land and provide a starting point for the development and prescription of rehabilitation programs.Universidad de Granada. Máster Universitario en Investigación de Actividad Física y Deport

Criterion‑Related Validity of Field‑Based Methods and Equations for Body Composition Estimation in Adults: A Systematic Review

Purpose of Review Overweight and obesity are associated to health prognosis. Therefore, body composition assessment is an important health outcome, especially in adult population. We analyzed the criterion-related validity of existing field-based methods and equations for body composition estimation in adults aged 19–64 years. Recent Findings One hundred studies met inclusion criteria. The field-based methods, waist circumference (WC), body adiposity index (BAI), and body mass index (BMI) are valid to indicate body adiposity. Likewise, several equations, including the classical Durnin/Womersley equation, Jackson/Pollock equation (males), and Jackson, Pollock, and Ward equation (females), are valid to estimate total body fat mass or body fat percentage. Summary Anthropometric field methods can provide a simple, quick, and easy informative indicators of adiposity in adults. Classical equations, such as Durnin/Womersley equation, Jackson/Pollock equation, and Jackson, Pollock, and Ward equation, are still valid to estimate total body fat mass or body fat percentage in adult population. When choosing estimation equations, specific population characteristics, such as age, weight status, or race ethnicity, should be taken into account. (Trial Registration: Registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020194272)).Ministry of Economy, Industry and CompetitivenessNational Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and of Innovation 2017-2020 DEP201788043-RJunta de AndaluciaUniversity of Cadiz PPIT-FPI19Spanish Government FPU19/0296

Differences in specific abdominal fat depots between metabolically healthy and unhealthy children with overweight/obesity: The role of cardiorespiratory fitness

Objectives: Fat depots localization has a critical role in the metabolic health status of adults. Nevertheless, whether that is also the case in children remains under-studied. Therefore, the aims of this study were: (i) to examine the differences between metabolically healthy (MHO) and unhealthy (MUO) overweight/ obesity phenotypes on specific abdominal fat depots, and (ii) to further explore whether cardiorespiratory fitness plays a major role in the differences between metabolic phenotypes among children with overweight/obesity. Methods: A total of 114 children with overweight/obesity (10.6 ± 1.1 years, 62 girls) were included. Children were classified as MHO (n = 68) or MUO. visceral (VAT), abdominal subcutaneous (ASAT), intermuscular abdominal (IMAAT), psoas, hepatic, pancreatic, and lumbar bone marrow adipose tissues were measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed using the 20 m shuttle run test. Results: MHO children had lower VAT and ASAT contents and psoas fat fraction compared to MUO children (difference = 12.4%–25.8%, all p < 0.035). MUO-unfit had more VAT and ASAT content than those MUO-fit and MHO-fit (difference = 34.8%–45.3%, all p < 0.044). MUO-unfit shows also greater IMAAT fat fraction than those MUO-fit and MHO-fit peers (difference = 16.4%–13.9% respectively, all p ≤ 0.001). In addition, MHO-unfit presented higher IMAAT fat fraction than MHO-fit (difference = 13.4%, p < 0.001). MUO-unfit presented higher psoas fat fraction than MHO-fit (difference = 29.1%, p = 0.008). Conclusions: VAT together with ASAT and psoas fat fraction, were lower in MHO than in MUO children. Further, we also observed that being fit, regardless of metabolic phenotype, has a protective role over the specific abdominal fat depots among children with overweight/obesity.Spanish Ministry of Health “Fondos de Investigación Sanitaria del Instituto de Salud Carlos III” (PI13/01335)EU Fondos Estructurales de la Unión Europea (FEDER) funds (“Una manera de hacer Europa”)Department of Economic Development of the Government of Navarra (0011-1365- 2019- 000085)Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (FJC2018-037925- I)European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska Curie grant agreement No. 101028929European Union NextGeneration EU and the Spanish Ministry of Universities (postdoctoral fellowship Margarita Salas, 572827-MS15

Effects of a Family-Based Lifestyle Intervention Plus Supervised Exercise Training on Abdominal Fat Depots in Children With Overweight or Obesity. A Secondary Analysis of a Nonrandomized Clinical Trial

IMPORTANCE Excess abdominal fat is a major determinant in the development of insulin resistance and other metabolic disorders. Increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT) seems to precede the development of insulin resistance and is therefore a prime target of childhood lifestyle interventions aimed at preventing diabetes. OBJECTIVES To examine the effect of added exercise to a family-based lifestyle intervention program designed to reduce VAT plus subcutaneous (ASAT), intermuscular (IMAAT), and pancreatic (PAT) adipose tissue in children with overweight or obesity and to explore the effect of changes in VAT on insulin resistance. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This 2-group, parallel-design clinical trial was conducted in Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain. A total of 116 children with overweight or obesity participated and were assigned to a 22-week family-based lifestyle program (control group [n = 57]) or the same program plus an exercise intervention (exercise group [n = 59]). Data were collected between September 1, 2014, and June 30, 2017, and imaging processing for fat depot assessments and data analysis were performed between May 1, 2019, and February 12, 2021. INTERVENTIONS The compared interventions consisted of a family-based lifestyle and psychoeducation program (two 90-minute sessions per month) and the same program plus supervised exercise (three 90-minute sessions per week). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome of this study was the change in VAT between baseline and 22 weeks as estimated by magnetic resonance imaging. The secondary outcomes were changes in ASAT, IMAAT, and PAT. The effect of changes in VAT area on insulin resistance was also recorded. RESULTS The 116 participants included in the analysis (62 girls [53.4%]) had a mean (SD) age of 10.6 (1.1) years, and 67 (57.8%) presented with obesity. Significantly greater reductionswere recorded for the exercise group in terms of reduction in VAT (−18.1%vs −8.5%for the control group; P = .004), ASAT (−9.9%vs −3.0%; P = .001), and IMAAT (−6.0%vs −2.6%; P = .02) fat fractions compared with the control group. Changes in VAT explained 87.6%of the improvement seen in insulin resistance (β = −0.102 [95%CI, −0.230 to −0.002]). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings suggest that the addition of exercise to a lifestyle intervention program substantially enhanced the positive effects on abdominal fat depots in children with overweight or obesity. In addition, the reduction in VAT seemed to largely mediate the improvement of insulin sensitivity. These results highlight the importance of including exercise as part of lifestyle therapies aimed at treating childhood obesity and preventing the development of type 2 diabetes.Spanish Ministry of Health's Fondos de Investigacion Sanitaria del Instituto de Salud Carlos III PI13/01335 Spanish Government DEP2016-78377European Commission 0011-1365-2019-000085Regional Government of Navarra's Department of Economic Development - ERDF Government of Navarra's Department of Health 47/2021Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain (MICINN) Spanish Government FJC2018-037925-IMarie Sklodowska Curie 101028929 European CommissionEducation Department of the Government of the Basque Country BES-2017-080770 PRE_2016_1_0057 PRE_2017_2_0224 PRE_2018_2_0057 PRE_2019_2_0004Junta de Andalucia, Consejeria de Conocimiento, Investigacion y Universidades, ERDF SOMM17/6107/UG

Educación de las emociones ¿un reto?

El artículo pretende contextualizar la situación actual de la sociedad desde una perspectiva emocional, estableciendo la importancia del desarrollo de la inteligencia emocional en todas las etapas de la vida y centrándose en el ámbito educativo dado el papel que ejerce a la hora de transmitir hábitos, emociones y actitudes. Actualmente, tanto en el sistema educativo como en la sociedad, se le da una mayor importancia a los aspectos cognitivos, a los conocimientos, al saber, que a los sentimientos, al ser. Es por ello por lo que tratamos de dar un vuelco a esta mentalidad o balanza, proponiendo un trabajo en el aula de búsqueda interior a través del yoga y otros elementos que propician el desarrollo personal, partiendo de las emociones producidas por el niño como medio para identificarse y conocerse. De esta forma y desarrollando esta dimensión de la personalidad moral, se produce un bienestar personal, social, psicológico y físico. Y al hablar de bienestar no podemos obviar el término felicidad, que será trabajado desde una visión emocional observando los beneficios que nos reportan actividades como la risoterapia.The article aims to contextualize the current situation of society from an emotional perspective, establishing the importance of the development of emotional intelligence in all stages of life and focusing on the educational field given the role that exerts when transmitting habits, emotions and attitudes. Currently, both in the educational system and in society, cognitive aspects are given greater importance, knowledge and wisdom, than feelings or being. That is why we try to overturn this mentality or balance, proposing a job in the classroom of interior search through yoga and other elements that promote the personal development, starting from the emotions produced by the child as a means to identify and know yourself. In this way and developing this dimension of the moral personality, there is a personal, social, psychological and physical well-being. And when talking about wellbeing we can not ignore the term happiness, which will be worked from an emotional view observing the benefits that activities such as laughter therapy bring us

Características antropométricas y nivel de condición física en relación con el estado ponderal en niños chilenos de edad preescolar

The purpose of this study was to describe anthropometric and physical fitness characteristics of low-income Chilean preschool children and to examine whether weight status influences children’s performance on fitness tests. A total of 434 preschool children (246 boys; 5.48 ± 0.31 years) participated in our study. Anthropometry (weight, height, body mass index -BMI- and waist circumference) and fitness tests (handgrip strength test, standing long jump and 20 m sprint) were assessed by trained nutritionists and physical education teachers, respectively. Significant differences in anthropometry and fitness tests between boys and girls were found. The prevalence of overweight was higher in girls; in contrast to that of obesity. Compared to normal-weight children, overweight/obese boys and girls were heavier and had greater waist circumference (P < 0.001), were taller (P ≤ 0.002), and showed higher performance in handgrip strength (P ≤ 0.027) but not in standing long jump nor 20 m sprint (P ≥ 0.052). Screening physical fitness levels in overweight/obese preschool children could be an important tool in order to design an efficacy physical activity programme.El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las características antropométricas y el nivel de condición física de preescolares chilenos de bajo nivel socioeconómico y examinar si el estado ponderal influye en el rendimiento de los niños en las pruebas de condición física. Un total de 434 preescolares (246 niños; 5,48 ± 0,31 años) participaron en nuestro estudio. Antropometría (peso, talla, índice de masa corporal –IMC– y perímetro de cintura) y tests de condición física (test de fuerza de prensión manual, test de salto de longitud y 20 m sprint) fueron evaluados por nutricionistas entrenados y profesores de educación física, respectivamente. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en antropometría y tests de condición física entre niños y niñas. La prevalencia de sobrepeso fue mayor en las niñas; en contraste con la de la obesidad. En comparación con los preescolares con normopeso, los niños y niñas con sobrepeso/obesidad pesaron más y tuvieron mayor perímetro de cintura (P < 0.001), eran más altos (P ≤ 0.002) y mostraron mayor rendimiento en el test de fuerza de prensión manual (P ≤ 0.027), pero no en el test de salto de longitud ni en el test de sprint de 20 m (P ≥ 0.052). Detectar los niveles de condición física en preescolares con sobrepeso/obesidad puede ser una herramienta importante para diseñar programas eficaces de actividad física.They would like to thank the “Corporación Municipal de Educación y Salud” of Ñuñoa for funding the study. Likewise, we thank Francisco B. Ortega from the University of Granada, Spain, for his valuable comments on an earlier draft. Cristina Cadenas-Sánchez is supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (BES-2014-068829)

PISA assessment in Spain: an analysis in detail

Actualmente, nos encontramos en un momento particular por la crisis que tenemos sobre nosotros. Es importante analizar cada uno de los componentes de la sociedad para saber cómo avanzar. En esta línea, cobra especial importancia la formación y la educación que se imparte desde colegios e institutos. Un elemento fundamental para este análisis son los informes de calidad en la enseñanza, y entre todos ellos destaca el informe PISA. Partiendo de este informe podemos realizar un análisis y valoración en función de las distintas materias y de las Comunidades Autónomas estudiadas que nos permita conocer el estado de la situación, así como los puntos más susceptibles de mejora.Currently, we are in a particular moment because of the crisis we are involved. It is important to analyze any space of the society to know how to advance. In this way, education at schools and high schools acquires a very high importance. The different assessments of the quality of education are very important to make this discussion, and above them we can find PISA. Thanks to the latter, we can assess depending on the diverse subjects and the regions studied which allow us to know the real state of the situation, as well as the points likely to improve.Grupo FORCE (HUM-386). Departamento de Didáctica y Organización Escolar de la Universidad de Granada

Associations of Sleep-Related Outcomes with Behavioral and Emotional Functioning in Children with Overweight/Obesity

Objective To evaluate the associations of parent-reported sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and device-assessed sleep behaviors with behavioral and emotional functioning in pediatric patients with overweight/obesity. Study design A total of 109 children with overweight/obesity (mean age, 10.0 +/- 1.1 years) were included in this cross-sectional study. We used the Spanish version of the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) to assess SDB and its subscales (ie, snoring, daytime sleepiness, and inattention/hyperactivity). Device-assessed sleep behaviors (ie, wake time, sleep onset time, total time in bed, total sleep time, and waking after sleep onset) were estimated using wrist-worn accelerometers. We used the Behavior Assessment System for Children, second edition to assess behavioral and emotional functioning (ie, clinical scale: aggressiveness, hyperactivity, behavior problems, attention problems, atypicality, depression, anxiety, retreat, and somatization; adaptive scale: adaptability, social skills, and leadership). Results SDB was positively associated with all clinical scale variables (all beta > 0.197, P 0.196, P .045) and lower adaptability (beta = -0.246, P = .011). The inattention/hyperactivity subscale was significantly associated with the entire clinical and adaptive scales (all beta > vertical bar 0.192 vertical bar, P <= .046) except for somatization. The snoring subscale and device-assessed sleep behaviors were not related to any behavioral or emotional functioning variables. Conclusions Our study suggests that SDB symptoms, but not device-assessed sleep behaviors, are associated with behavioral and emotional functioning in children with overweight/obesity. Specifically, daytime sleepiness, a potential SDB symptom, was related to higher attention problems, depression, anxiety, and retreat and lower adaptability.Spanish GovernmentEuropean Commission DEP2013-47540 DEP2016-79512-R DEP2017-91544-EXP RYC-2011-09011Spanish Government FPU17/04802 FJC2018-037925-I FPU15/02645University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016, Excellence actions: Units of Excellence, Scientific Excellence Unit on Exercise and HealthConsejeria de Conocimiento, Investigacion y UniversidadesEuropean Commission B-CTS-355-UGR18 SOMM17/6107/UGRSAMID III network, RETICS - PNI + D + I 2017-2021 (Spain)ISCIII Sub-Directorate General for Research Assessment and PromotionEXERNET Research Network on Exercise and Health DEP2005-00046/ACTI 09/UPB/19 45/UPB/20 27/UPB/21European Commission 667302HL-PIVOT network Healthy Living for Pandemic Event ProtectionAndalusian Operational ProgrammeJunta de Andaluci

Association of Physical Fitness with Intelligence and Academic Achievement in Adolescents

The authors thank Maria Repice for revising the English text.Physical fitness, intelligence and academic achievement are being studied from a multidisciplinary perspective. In this line, studies to advance our understanding of intelligence and academic achievement could be relevant for designing school-based programs. Our study analyzed the relationship between components of physical fitness including cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength and flexibility and general intelligence and academic achievement in adolescents. We recruited 403 adolescents (53.6% boys) with a mean age of 13.7 ± 1.2 years from a secondary school in Spain with a medium socioeconomic status, during the 2015/2016 school year. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by the 20-m shuttle run, muscular strength with the standing long jump test and flexibility with the sit-and-reach test. General intelligence was measured by both the D48 and the Raven tests. School grades were used to determine academic achievement. Linear regression analyses showed that cardiorespiratory fitness was positively associated with intelligence in both the D48 (all β ≥ 0.184, p ≤ 0.016) and the Raven tests (all β ≥ 0.183, p ≤ 0.024). Muscular strength, flexibility and overall fitness were not associated with intelligence (all β ≤ 0.122, p ≥ 0.139). Cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength and flexibility were positively associated with academic achievement (all β ≥ 0.089, p ≤ 0.038), except muscular strength, which was not significantly associated with Spanish language or mathematics, (all β ≤ 0.050, p ≥ 0.200). Overall, cardiorespiratory fitness was positively associated with intelligence and academic achievement.Junta of Andalusia by the educational research "General intelligence, academic achievement and fitness: Cross-sectional and longitudinal study" PIV 006/17Government of Andalusian, Integrated Territorial Initiative 2014-2020 for the province of Cadiz PI-0002-2017Spanish Government FJC2018-037925-