Husband-wife relations in late medieval Malta 1486-1488

The family was a central institution in medieval society. People were generally born, grew and lived in families. Thus, an understanding of interpersonal relations within the family-structure is essential for understanding late medieval Maltese society.' Yet what does the term 'family' mean? It can equally be understood to imply the kin as well as the nuclear family. Given the wide range of relationships encapsulated in the term 'family', a definition of what is understood by the term 'family' is necessary. The following discussion will only look at the nuclear family, primarily focusing on the husband - wife relationship in late medieval Malta.peer-reviewe

Neptume ; no-discharge energy-efficient prototype for the treatment of urban municipal effluent

NEPTUME is an R&I project funded by the Malta Council for Science and Technology (MCST), dealing with the treatment of raw municipal effluent to produce quality second class water for irrigation (and other) purposes. This paper presents an innovative two-stage process which uses the combination of a Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) coupled with a Membrane Bioreactor Filtration (MBR) incorporating the benefits of both processes. This setup produces a very high quality disinfected second class treated sewage effluent (TSE) (COD<100mg/l, TSS<10mg/l, NH4-N<5mg/l). Furthermore, TSE is further polished through either a Reverse Osmosis (RO) system or Phytoremediation. The relative treatment performance of the various stages is assessed, compared to Conventional Activated Sludge (CAS) method of treatment and related to energy use as well as overall consumer perception.Bajada New Energy, Bitmac ltd., Econetique, Energy Investment, JMV Vibro Blocks, Solar Engineering.peer-reviewe

Clinical complexity and impact of the ABC (Atrial fibrillation Better Care) pathway in patients with atrial fibrillation: a report from the ESC-EHRA EURObservational Research Programme in AF General Long-Term Registry

Background: Clinical complexity is increasingly prevalent among patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). The ‘Atrial fibrillation Better Care’ (ABC) pathway approach has been proposed to streamline a more holistic and integrated approach to AF care; however, there are limited data on its usefulness among clinically complex patients. We aim to determine the impact of ABC pathway in a contemporary cohort of clinically complex AF patients. Methods: From the ESC-EHRA EORP-AF General Long-Term Registry, we analysed clinically complex AF patients, defined as the presence of frailty, multimorbidity and/or polypharmacy. A K-medoids cluster analysis was performed to identify different groups of clinical complexity. The impact of an ABC-adherent approach on major outcomes was analysed through Cox-regression analyses and delay of event (DoE) analyses. Results: Among 9966 AF patients included, 8289 (83.1%) were clinically complex. Adherence to the ABC pathway in the clinically complex group reduced the risk of all-cause death (adjusted HR [aHR]: 0.72, 95%CI 0.58–0.91), major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs; aHR: 0.68, 95%CI 0.52–0.87) and composite outcome (aHR: 0.70, 95%CI: 0.58–0.85). Adherence to the ABC pathway was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of death (aHR: 0.74, 95%CI 0.56–0.98) and composite outcome (aHR: 0.76, 95%CI 0.60–0.96) also in the high-complexity cluster; similar trends were observed for MACEs. In DoE analyses, an ABC-adherent approach resulted in significant gains in event-free survival for all the outcomes investigated in clinically complex patients. Based on absolute risk reduction at 1 year of follow-up, the number needed to treat for ABC pathway adherence was 24 for all-cause death, 31 for MACEs and 20 for the composite outcome. Conclusions: An ABC-adherent approach reduces the risk of major outcomes in clinically complex AF patients. Ensuring adherence to the ABC pathway is essential to improve clinical outcomes among clinically complex AF patients

Impact of renal impairment on atrial fibrillation: ESC-EHRA EORP-AF Long-Term General Registry

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) and renal impairment share a bidirectional relationship with important pathophysiological interactions. We evaluated the impact of renal impairment in a contemporary cohort of patients with AF. Methods: We utilised the ESC-EHRA EORP-AF Long-Term General Registry. Outcomes were analysed according to renal function by CKD-EPI equation. The primary endpoint was a composite of thromboembolism, major bleeding, acute coronary syndrome and all-cause death. Secondary endpoints were each of these separately including ischaemic stroke, haemorrhagic event, intracranial haemorrhage, cardiovascular death and hospital admission. Results: A total of 9306 patients were included. The distribution of patients with no, mild, moderate and severe renal impairment at baseline were 16.9%, 49.3%, 30% and 3.8%, respectively. AF patients with impaired renal function were older, more likely to be females, had worse cardiac imaging parameters and multiple comorbidities. Among patients with an indication for anticoagulation, prescription of these agents was reduced in those with severe renal impairment, p&nbsp;&lt;.001. Over 24&nbsp;months, impaired renal function was associated with significantly greater incidence of the primary composite outcome and all secondary outcomes. Multivariable Cox regression analysis demonstrated an inverse relationship between eGFR and the primary outcome (HR 1.07 [95% CI, 1.01–1.14] per 10&nbsp;ml/min/1.73&nbsp;m2 decrease), that was most notable in patients with eGFR &lt;30&nbsp;ml/min/1.73&nbsp;m2 (HR 2.21 [95% CI, 1.23–3.99] compared to eGFR ≥90&nbsp;ml/min/1.73&nbsp;m2). Conclusion: A significant proportion of patients with AF suffer from concomitant renal impairment which impacts their overall management. Furthermore, renal impairment is an independent predictor of major adverse events including thromboembolism, major bleeding, acute coronary syndrome and all-cause death in patients with AF

Impact of clinical phenotypes on management and outcomes in European atrial fibrillation patients: a report from the ESC-EHRA EURObservational Research Programme in AF (EORP-AF) General Long-Term Registry

Background: Epidemiological studies in atrial fibrillation (AF) illustrate that clinical complexity increase the risk of major adverse outcomes. We aimed to describe European AF patients\u2019 clinical phenotypes and analyse the differential clinical course. Methods: We performed a hierarchical cluster analysis based on Ward\u2019s Method and Squared Euclidean Distance using 22 clinical binary variables, identifying the optimal number of clusters. We investigated differences in clinical management, use of healthcare resources and outcomes in a cohort of European AF patients from a Europe-wide observational registry. Results: A total of 9363 were available for this analysis. We identified three clusters: Cluster 1 (n = 3634; 38.8%) characterized by older patients and prevalent non-cardiac comorbidities; Cluster 2 (n = 2774; 29.6%) characterized by younger patients with low prevalence of comorbidities; Cluster 3 (n = 2955;31.6%) characterized by patients\u2019 prevalent cardiovascular risk factors/comorbidities. Over a mean follow-up of 22.5 months, Cluster 3 had the highest rate of cardiovascular events, all-cause death, and the composite outcome (combining the previous two) compared to Cluster 1 and Cluster 2 (all P &lt;.001). An adjusted Cox regression showed that compared to Cluster 2, Cluster 3 (hazard ratio (HR) 2.87, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.27\u20133.62; HR 3.42, 95%CI 2.72\u20134.31; HR 2.79, 95%CI 2.32\u20133.35), and Cluster 1 (HR 1.88, 95%CI 1.48\u20132.38; HR 2.50, 95%CI 1.98\u20133.15; HR 2.09, 95%CI 1.74\u20132.51) reported a higher risk for the three outcomes respectively. Conclusions: In European AF patients, three main clusters were identified, differentiated by differential presence of comorbidities. Both non-cardiac and cardiac comorbidities clusters were found to be associated with an increased risk of major adverse outcomes

European Values Study Longitudinal Data File 1981-2008 (EVS 1981-2008)

This study is no longer up to date. Please, use the new study ZA7503: EVS Trend File 1981-2017 . The latest data file is also recommended as an improved update for analyses due to the improvements and data revisions. Moral, religious, societal, political, work, and family values of Europeans. Compilation of the data sets from 1981, 1990, 1999, and 2008. The variable overview allows for comparisons of trend variables of the four EVS waves 1981, 1990, 1999, and 2008. In addition, comparisons of original question texts across the waves 1999 and 2008 are supported. Topics: 1. Perceptions of life: importance of work, family, friends and acquaintances, leisure time, politics and religion (in Sweden: service to others); frequency of political discussions with friends; happiness; self-assessment of own health; feelings of: excitement or interest, restlessness, pride because of compliments, loneliness, joy about completing a thing, boredom, feeling good, depressed or unhappy, managing everything, sadness because of criticism; feelings of the respondent at home: relaxation, anxiety, happiness, aggression or safety. 2. Leisure: way of spending leisure time and definition of leisure; partners for leisure time: alone, with family, friends, at busy places, colleagues, people at churches or at sport and culture; frequency of political discussions with friends and political opinion leadership; memberships and unpaid work (volunteering) in: social welfare services, religious or church organisations, education, or cultural activities, trade unions, political parties, local political actions, human rights, environmental or peace movement, professional associations, youth work, sports clubs, women´s groups, voluntary associations concerned with health consumption or other groups; motives for volunteering; aversion to people with other setting; feelings of loneliness. 3. Work: reasons for people to live in need; importance of selected aspects of occupational work; employment status; general work satisfaction; freedom of decision-making in the job; importance of work (work ethics, scale); important aspects of leisure time; attitude towards following instructions at work without criticism (obedience work); jobs scarce: give priority to nationals over foreigners as well as men over women in jobs, able bodied people over handicapped people and forced retirement for the elderly; satisfaction with the financial situation of the household and expected situation in a year. Work Environment: work orientation and aspects of job satisfaction; importance of selected characteristics of professional work: good pay, little pressure, job security, respectable activity, flexible working hours, ability to show initiative, a lot of vacation, meeting objectives, responsibility, interesting work, meeting one´s own skills, nice colleagues, good career opportunities, serving society, contact with people, good physical conditions of work and weekend leisure, looking forward to work after the weekend, pride of one´s work, family friendly, have a say, people treated equally; perceived exploitation in the workplace; general job satisfaction (scale); satisfaction with job security; use of paid days off: look for additional salaried work, training, meeting with friends and family, additional working against boredom, voluntary work, hobbies, running one´s own business, relaxation. 4. Religion: deism or nihilism; opinion about good and evil in everyone; feel remorse; being worth risking life for: own country, life of another person, justice, freedom, peace, religion; individual or general clear guidelines for good and evil; religious denomination; current and former religious denomination; raised religiously; current frequency of church attendance and at the age of 12; importance of religious celebration at birth, marriage and funeral; self-assessment of religiousness; churches give adequate answers to moral questions, problems of family life, spiritual needs and social problems of the country; assessment of the importance of religion for the future; attitude towards the role of the Church in political issues (scale); belief in God, life after death, soul, hell, heaven, sin, telepathy, reincarnation, angels, devil, resurrection from the dead; stick to religion vs. explore different traditions; personal God versus spirit or life force; own way of connecting with the divine; interest in the sacred or the supernatural; attitude towards the existence of one true religion; importance of God in one´s life (10-point-scalometer); experience of comfort and strength from religion and belief; moments of prayer and meditation; frequency of prayers; approval or rejection of the single 10 bids by the respondents and most people; supernatural experiences: feeling of connection with someone far away, seeing events that happened far away, felt in touch with someone dead, proximity to a powerful life force, change in the way of looking at life through a psychic experience; relationship between the parents in the youth of the respondent; connectivity of respondents with both parents; strict upbringing by parents; belief in supernatural forces; ownership of and belief in lucky charms or a talisman (10-point-scale); reading and consideration of horoscopes; attitude towards: politicians who don´t believe in God are unfit for public office, religious leaders should not influence how people vote, better if more people with strong religious beliefs are in public office, religious leaders should not influence government, nurse refusing legal abortion on religious grounds, time for prayer and meditation in all schools, prohibiting or allowing books that attack religion, church(es) do influence on national politics. 5. Family and marriage: trust in one´s family; satisfaction with private life; convergence of views of the partner and the parents with the respondent with respect to: religious and moral standards, social attitudes, political views and sexual images, ideal number of children; sexual self-determination; attitude towards single mothers; enjoy sexual freedom; enduring relationships are necessary to be happy; homosexual couples adopting children; live together without being married; to have children is a duty towards society; one´s own decision to have children; child’s duty to take care of ill parents; most important criteria for a successful marriage (scale: loyalty, good income, same social background, respect and recognition of religious background, good housing, political agreement, understanding and tolerance, live apart from one´s in-laws, good sexual relationship, sharing household chores, children, discussion of problems, spending time together, conversations and share the same taste interests, same ethnic background, time for friends and hobbies); accepted reasons for divorce: financial bankruptcy, illness, alcohol addiction, violence or unfaithfulness of the partner, sexual dissatisfaction, loss of love, non-understanding with relatives, childlessness, different personalities; attitude towards childcare (a child needs a home with father and mother, women and men need children in order to be fulfilled, marriage is an out-dated institution, woman as a single-parent); attitude towards marriage, children, and traditional family structure (scale); attitude towards traditional understanding of one´s role of man and woman in occupation and family (scale); attitude towards: respect and love for parents; parent´s responsibilities to their children and the responsibility of adult children for their parents when they are in need of long-term care; importance of educational goals (good manners, politeness, independence, hard work, honesty, feeling of responsibility, patience, imagination, tolerance and respect, leadership, self-control, frugality, thrift, perseverance, religious faith, unselfishness, obedience and loyalty); attitude towards abortion; justification of abortion for: health risk for the mother, children with disabilities, unmarried mother, lack of desire for children. 6. Politics and society: most important aims of the country; political interest; political participation: signing of a petition, participate in boycotts, attending approved demonstrations or to wildcat strikes, squatting, violence against persons or things; preference for individual freedom or social equality; self-assessment on a left-right continuum (10-point-scale); social preferences; attitude towards the economic system, income equality, state enterprises, competition, performance orientation and the accumulation of wealth in a few persons; economic liberalism; attitude to welfare state, conservatism and the need for change of the economic system (scale); personal characteristics (scale); self-responsibility or governmental provision; free decision of job-taking of the unemployed or no permission to refuse a job; advantage or harmfulness of competition; liberty of firms or governmental control; equal incomes or incentives for individual efforts; attitude concerning capitalism versus government ownership; willingness to fight for one´s own country; the main aim of imprisonment; assessment of the likelihood of war in one´s own country in the next five years and expected changes of values such as: less emphasis on money and material possessions, labour, technology, individual, greater respect for authority, family, simple lifestyle and more power to local authorities; attitude towards scientific progress; trust in institutions (churches, army, education system, the press, unions, police, parliament, government, social security systems, political parties, large businesses, health care system environmental protection movement, justice system, European Union, NATO, UN); attitude towards selected movements (environmental protection, anti-nuclear, peace movement, human rights, women and anti-apartheid); satisfaction with democracy; assessment of the political system of the country ten years ago; assessment of the political system of the country as good or bad (10-point-scale); preferred type of political system (strong leader, expert decisions, army should rule the country, or democracy); attitude towards democracy (scale); assessment of the observance of individual human rights in the country; assessing the solvability of environmental problems, crime and unemployment at the national or international level. 7. Moral attitudes: personal attitudes and rating of compatriots: scale: claiming state benefits without entitlement, cheating on taxes, joyriding, corruption, prostitution, taking soft drugs, lying, adultery, bribe money, homosexuality, abortion, divorce, euthanasia, suicide, littering, driving under influence of alcohol, paying cash to avoid taxes, casual sex, smoking in public places, speeding over the limit, sex under the legal age of consent, political assassination, avoiding fare on public transport, experiments with human embryos, genetic manipulation of food, insemination or in-vitro fertilization, buy stolen goods, keeping of found money, fighting with the police, hit-and-run, threatening workers who refuse to join a strike, killing in self-defence and death penalty; frequency of own alcohol consumption; amount of own alcohol consumption compared to others; potential risk from the consumption of illegal drugs and alcoholism; attitude to punishment depending on the situation of the perpetrator or the victim (scale); tolerance towards minorities - social distance (people with a criminal record, people of different race, left/right wing extremists, alcohol addicts, large families, emotionally unstable people, Muslims, immigrants, AIDS sufferers, drug addicts, homosexuals, Jews, Gypsies, Christians, Hindus); students, unmarried mothers; people of other faiths and cult members in the neighbourhood; interpersonal trust; mutual trust of younger people to older people; estimation of people´s fair and helpful behaviour; internal or external control; current satisfaction with life and five years ago; expected satisfaction with life in five years; perceived freedom and self-determination; willingness waiver of income or increase taxes (welfare waiver) for the environment; reduction of pollution as a task for the government; insecurity of the people by talking about pollution; fight against unemployment means to accept environmental problems; environmental protection and fighting pollution are less urgent; (only in Sweden: environmental protection versus economic growth, human and nature). 8. National identity: geographical group the respondent feels to belong to (town, region of country, country, Europe, the world); citizenship; national pride; fears associated with the European Union (the loss of social security and national identity, growing expenditure of the own country, the loss of power in the world for one´s own country and the loss of jobs); attitude towards the enlargement of the European Union (10-point-scale); voting intensions in the next election and party preference; party that appeals most; preferred immigrant policy; opinion on terrorism; attitude towards immigrants and their customs and traditions (taking jobs away, undermining a country´s cultural life, making crime problems worse, strain on country´s welfare system, threat to society, maintaining distinct customs and traditions); feeling like a stranger in one´s own country; too many immigrants; important aspects of national identity (being born in the country, to respect country´s political institutions and laws, having country´s ancestry, to speak the national language, have been living in the country for a long time); importance of alignment of income, of educational opportunities, securing the basic needs and recognition of others because of their performance; interest in political news in the media; give authorities information to help justice versus stick to own affairs; closeness to family, the neighbourhood, the people of the region, to the compatriots, the Europeans and mankind; concerned about the living conditions of elderly people, unemployed people, immigrants, sick or disabled people and poor children; personal reasons to assist older people and foreigners; party inclination and party identification; regular reading of a newspaper; television viewing; (only in Sweden: television is main entertainment); mental preoccupation with the meaning of life; sense of meaninglessness of life, thoughts about death. 9. Environment: attitude towards the environment (scale: overpopulation, disastrous consequences from human interference with nature, human ingenuity remains earth fit to live in, the balance of nature is strong enough to cope with the impacts of modern industrial nations, humans were meant to rule over the rest of nature, an ecological catastrophe is inevitable). 10. Life experiences: the death of own child, of father or mother, the divorce of own child, of the parents or of another relative; age of respondent when these events took place; age at completion of education; highest educational level attained; employment status; employed or self-employed in the last job; profession (ISCO-88) and occupational position; supervising function and span of control; size of company. 11. Respondent’s partner: respondent´s partner or spouse: partner was born in the country and partner´s country of birth; highest educational level; employment status of the partner; employment or self-employment of the partner in his/her last job; partner´s profession (ISCO-88) and occupational position; supervising function of the partner and span of control; duration of unemployment and dependence on social-security of the respondent and his partner longer than three months in the last five years; number of people working in own department; labour-union membership of the respondent or his spouse; respondent is chief wage earner in the household; employment status and profession of the chief wage earner; scale of household income; living together with parents when the respondent was 14 years old; 12. Respondent’s parents: highest educational level of father and mother (ISCED-Code); employment status of father and mother; profession of father and mother (ISCO-88) and kind of work; number of employees (size of business); supervising function and span of control of father and mother; characterization of the parents when respondent was 14 years old (scale: liked to read books, discussed politics at home with their child, liked to follow the news, had problems making ends meet and had problems replacing broken things). Sweden 1999 (additional WVS variables): satisfaction with public servants; economic aid for poor countries, decision makers preferred regarding peacekeeping, the environment, help for developing countries, refugees and human rights; family savings during the last year. Demography: sex; age (year of birth); born in the country of interview; country of birth; year of immigration into the country; father and mother born in the country; country of birth of father and mother; current legal marital status; living together with the partner before marriage or before the registration of partnership; living together with a partner and living with a partner before; steady relationship; married to previous partner; end of relationship; divorced; number of children; year of birth of the first child; size and composition of household; living together with the parents and other relatives; living in a house or apartment; age of completed education; highest educational level; ISCED; employment status; full time or part time employment of chief wage earner; number of supervised people; job profession/industry (ISCO88); occupational status (SIOPS, ISEI, egp11, ESeC); unemployment; dependency on social security; belonging to labour union; employment of chief wage earner; savings; household income; subjective assessment of own social class, socio-economic status of respondent; region the respondent lived at the age of 14, present place of residence; size of town; region; region and size of town where the interview was conducted; type of habitat, ethnic group, post-materialist index 12-item, 4-item. Interviewer rating: respondent´s interest in the interview, his confidence and cheerfulness. Additionally encoded: wave; country; interviewer identification; date of the interview; total length of interview; time of the interview (start hour and start minute, end hour and end minute); language in which the interview was conducted; survey year. Diese Studie ist nicht mehr aktuell. Bitte nutzen Sie die aktualisierte Nachfolgestudie ZA7503: EVS Trend File 1981-2017 . Der neue Datensatz wird aufgrund der vorgenommenen Änderungen und Datenrevisionen auch als verbessertes Update für Analysen empfohlen. Moralische, religiöse, gesellschaftliche, politische, ökonomische und soziale Wertvorstellungen der Europäer. Der Online Variable Overview ermöglicht den Vergleich von Trend Variablen über die vier EVS Wellen 1981, 1990, 1999 und 2008 sowie einen Vergleich von originalsprachlichen Fragen aus den Wellen 1999 und 2008. Themen: Einige Fragen wurden nicht in allen Ländern und zu allen Befragungszeiträumen gestellt. Freizeit: Wichtigkeit der Lebensbereiche Familie, Freunde, Freizeit, Politik, Arbeit, Religion (nur in Schweden: Einsatz für andere); Glücksgefühl; subjektiver Gesundheitszustand; Gefühle von: Aufregung oder Interesse, Rastlosigkeit, Stolz aufgrund von Komplimenten, Einsamkeit, Freude über Vollendung einer Sache, Langeweile, Wohlfühlen, depressiv oder unglücklich, alles gelingt mir, Traurigkeit aufgrund von Kritik; Gefühlslage des Befragten zu Hause: Entspannung, Angst, Zufriedenheit, Aggression oder Sicherheit. Respekt und Liebe für die Eltern; Verantwortlichkeit der Eltern für ihre Kinder; wichtige Erziehungsziele bei Kindern: gute Manieren, Höflichkeit, Unabhängigkeit, Arbeitsorientierung, Ehrlichkeit, Verantwortungsgefühl, Geduld, Vorstellungskraft, Toleranz und Respekt für andere, Führungsrolle, Selbstkontrolle, Sparsamkeit, Beharrlichkeit, religiöser Glaube, Bescheidenheit, Gehorsam und Loyalität; Rechtfertigung von Abtreibung bei: gesundheitlichem Risiko für die Mutter, Behinderung des Kindes, nicht verheirateter Mutter, fehlendem Kinderwunsch. Freizeitgestaltung: allein, mit der Familie, mit Freunden, an belebten Orten; Verkehrskreise in der Freizeit; Diskussionshäufigkeit politischer Themen im Freundeskreis; politische Meinungsführerschaft; Mitgliedschaften und ehrenamtliche Tätigkeiten in Vereinen, Parteien, Organisationen, Bürgerinitiativen und Berufsorganisationen; Motive für ehrenamtliche Tätigkeiten; Abneigung gegenüber Leuten mit anderer Einstellung; Einsamkeitsgefühl; Einschätzung der allgemeinen Hilfsbereitschaft in der heutigen Zeit. Toleranz gegenüber Minderheiten: Straffällige, andere Rasse, Alkoholiker, Muslime, HIV-Infizierte, Drogenabhängige, Homosexuelle, Juden, Zigeuner, Christen, Linke, Rechte, Großfamilien, Hindus, Ausländern; Nachbarschaft von Studenten, unverheirateten Müttern, Andersgläuben und Sektenmitgliedern; zwischenmenschliches Vertrauen; gegenseitiges Vertrauen jüngerer Menschen zu Älteren; derzeitige Lebenszufriedenheit und vor fünf Jahren; erwartete Lebenszufriedenheit in fünf Jahren; empfundene Freiheit und Selbstbestimmung; Bereitschaft zum Einkommensverzicht bzw. zu Steuererhöhungen (Wohlstandsverzicht) zugunsten der Umwelt; Reduzierung der Umweltverschmutzung als Aufgabe der Regierung; Verunsicherung der Menschen durch Gerede über Umweltverschmutzung; Bekämpfung der Arbeitslosigkeit wichtiger als Umweltprobleme; Stell

EVS Trend File 1981-2017

The European Values Study is a large-scale, cross-national and longitudinal survey research program on how Europeans think about family, work, religion, politics, and society. Repeated every nine years in an increasing number of countries, the survey provides insights into the ideas, beliefs, preferences, attitudes, values, and opinions of citizens all over Europe. The EVS Trend File 1981-2017 is constructed from the five EVS waves and covers almost 40 years. In altogether 160 surveys, more than 224.000 respondents from 48 countries/regions were interviewed. It is based on the updated data of the EVS Longitudinal Data File 1981-2008 (v.3.1.0) and the current EVS 2017 Integrated Dataset (v.5.0.0). It follows a new approach agreed with WVS to transform the former large EVS and WVS longitudinal trend files into leaner and easier-to-use files. Both EVS and WVS trend files are based on the updated Common EVS/WVS Dictionary (v.2021). It contains only those variables/questions that have been replicated by EVS and/or WVS since the early 1980s. The EVS Trend File and the World Values Survey Trend File (1981-2022) can be easily merged. The resulting the Integrated Values Surveys 1981-2022 data file contains the five waves of the EVS and the seven waves of the WVS.1. Perceptions of life: importance of family, friends and acquaintances, leisure time, politics, work, and religion; feeling of happiness; self-assessment of state of health; feelings: ever felt excited or interested, restless, proud because of compliments, very lonely or remote from other people, pleased about having accomplishes something, bored, on top of the world, very unhappy, that things were going your way, upset because of criticism; memberships and voluntary work (unpaid work) in: social welfare services, religious or church organisations, education, art, music or cultural activities, labour unions, political parties, local political actions, human rights, conservation, the environment, ecology, animal rights, professional associations, youth work, sports clubs, women´s groups, peace movement, organization concerned with health, consumer groups or other groups, humanitarian or charitable organization, self-help group, mutual aid group, belonging to none; reasons for voluntary work (e.g. solidarity with the poor and disadvantaged, compassion for those in need, etc.); tolerance towards minorities as neighbours (people with a criminal record, people of a different race, heavy drinkers, emotionally unstable people, Muslims, immigrants, foreign workers, people who have AIDS, drug addicts, homosexuals, Jews, Gypsies, Christians, left wing extremists, right wing extremists, people with large families and Hindus); most people can be trusted; estimation of people´s fair and helpful behavior; satisfaction with life; internal or external control; leisure: spent time with: friends, colleagues from work, with people at church, mosque or synagogue, with people at sport, culture, communal organisation. 2. Family and marriage: attitude towards respect and love for parents; parent´s responsibilities to their children; important child qualities (good manners, independence, hard work, feeling of responsibility, imagination, tolerance and respect for other people, thrift saving money and things, determination perseverance, religious faith, unselfishness, obedience, none); justification of abortion when the mother’s health is at risk, when the child is physically handicapped, when woman is not married, if not wanting more children; trust in family; satisfaction with home life; sharing attitudes with partner (attitudes towards religion, moral standards, social attitudes, political views, sexual attitudes, no sharing attitudes) and sharing attitudes with parents; ideal number of children; a child needs a home with father and mother; a woman has to have children to be fulfilled; a man has to have children to be fulfilled; marriage is an outdated institution; view on woman as a single parent; enjoy sexual freedom; long-term relationship is necessary to be happy; duty towards society to have children; it is child’s duty to take care of ill parent; most important criteria for a successful marriage or partnership (faithfulness, adequate income, same social background, respect and appreciation, religious beliefs, good housing, agreement on politics, understanding and tolerance, apart from in-laws, happy sexual relationship, sharing household chores, children, discussing problems, tastes and interests in common, time for friends and personal hobbies); to make own parents proud is a main goal in life; attitude towards traditional understanding of one´s role of man and woman in occupation and family (gender roles); homosexual couples are as good parents as other couples. 3. Politics and society: frequency of political discussions with friends and political opinion leadership; aims of the country and of the respondent (first and second choice); most important aims of the country for the next ten years; willingness to fight for the country; expectation of future changes and development (less importance placed on work, more emphasis on technology, more emphasis on individual, greater respect for authority, more emphasis on family life, a simple and more natural liefestyle); opinion about scientific advances; interest in politics, political participation: kinds of political action (signing a petition, joining in boycotts, attending lawful/ peaceful demonstrations, joining unofficial strikes, occupying buildings or factories); preference for individual freedom or social equality; left-right self-placement; basic kinds of attitudes concerning society; equal incomes or incentives for individual efforts; private vs. state ownership of business; self-responsibility or government responsibility; free decision of job-taking of the unemployed or no permission to refuse a job; competition good vs. harmful; hard work brings success; wealth accumulation; freedom of firms or governmental control; major changes in life; new and old ideas; personal characteristics (scale); the economic system needs fundamental changes; government should be made much more open to the public; allow more freedom for individuals; I could do nothing about an unjust law; political reform Is moving too rapidly; institutional trust (confidence in churches, armed forces, education system, the press, labour unions, the police, parliament, the civil services, social security system, the government, the political parties, major companies, the environmental protection movement, health care system, justice system/ courts, the European Union, major regional organization (combined from country-specific), NATO, the United Nations); attitude towards selected movements (ecology movement or nature protection, anti-nuclear energy movement, disarmament movement, human rights movement, women’s movement, and anti-apartheid movement); satisfaction with the way democracy develops; rating of the political system for the governing country; satisfaction with the political system in the country; rating of the political system as it was before; preferred type of political system (having a strong leader, having experts make decisions, having the army rule the country, or having a democratic political system); firm party leader vs. cooperation party leader; government order vs. freedom; attitude towards democracy (in democracy the economic system runs badly, democracies are indecisive and have too much squabbling, democracies aren´t good at maintaining order, Democracy may have problems but is better); assessment of the observance of individual human rights in the country; assessing the solvability of environmental problems, crime and unemployment at the national level; immigrant policy; living day to day because of uncertain future; frequency of following politics in the news; give authorities information to help justice vs. stick to own affairs; feel concerned about immediate family, about people in the neighbourhood, people in the region, fellow countrymen, Europeans, human kind, elderly people, unemployed people, and about sick and disabled people; party preference (ISO 3166-1); political party with the most appeal (IS 3166-1); left-right scale of political party the respondent would vote for; frequency the respondent watches TV; reasons why there are people living in need (first and second mention); opinion on terrorism; essential characteristics of democracy (governments tax the rich and subsidize the poor, religious authorities interpret the laws, people choose their leaders in free elections, people receive state aid for unemployment, the army takes over when government is incompetent, civil rights protect people’s liberty against oppression, women have the same rights as men, the state makes people´s incomes equal, people obey their rulers); importance of democracy; democraticness in own country; vote in elections on local level and on national level; assessment of country´s elections (votes are counted fairly, opposition candidates are prevented from running, TV news favors the governing party, voters are bribed, journalists provide fair coverage of elections, election officials are fair, rich people buy elections, voters are threatened with violence at the polls); political violence is justifiable; opinion on the government´s right to keep people under video surveillance in public areas, monitor all e-mails and any other information exchanged on the Internet, collect information about anyone living in the country without their knowledge. 4. Religion: thinking about the meaning and the purpose of life; thinking about death; life is meaningful because God exits; try to get the best out of life; death is inevitable, has meaning if you believe in God, is a natural resting point; sorrow has meaning if you believe in God; life has no meaning; opinion on good and evil in everyone; belonging to religious denomination; religious denomination (major groups, country-specific); former religious denomination; which former religious denomination; frequency of attending religious services; raised religiously; frequency of attending religious services at the age of 12; importance of religious service at birth, marriage and death; religiousness; churches give adequate answers to moral problems, problems of family life, people’s spiritual need, and the social problems of the country; attitude towards the role of Churches in political issues (churches speak out on disarmament, abortion, third world problems, extramarital affairs, unemployment, racial discrimination, euthanasia, homosexuality, ecology and environmental issues, and government policy); belief in: God, life after death, soul, hell, heaven, sin, re-incarnation, devil, and resurrection of the dead; personal God versus spirit or life force; importance of God in one´s life; experience of comfort and strength from religion; moments of prayer and meditation; frequency of prayers to God outside of religious services; lucky charm protects; view on the influence of religion on public office and government (politicians who don´t believe in God are unfit for public office, religious leaders should not influence how people vote, better if more people with strong religious beliefs are in public office, religious leaders should not influence government). 5. Moral attitudes: justifiable: claiming government benefits, claiming government benefits without entitlement, avoiding a fare on public transport, cheating on taxes, bribery, homosexuality, prostitution, abortion, divorce, euthanasia, suicide, joyriding, taking soft drugs, lying, adultery, throwing away litter, driving under influence of alcohol, paying cash, having casual sex, sex under the legal age of consent, political assassination, experiments with human embryos, manipulation of food, buy stolen goods, keeping money that you have found, fighting with the police, failing to report damage you’ve done accidentally to a parked vehicle, threatening workers who refuse to join a strike, killing in self-defence, invitro fertilization, death penalty. 6. National identity: geographical group belonging to (first and second) (town, region of country, country, Europe, the world); geographical group belonging to (first and second) (country-specific); citizen of the country; national pride; trust in other people in the country, neighborhood, people personally known, people you meet for the first time, people of another religion, and people of another nationality; opinion on the European Union; immigrant status; important aspects of national identity (being born in the country, to respect country´s political institutions and laws, having country´s ancestry, to be able speak the national language); attitude towards immigrants and their customs and traditions (take away jobs, increase crime problems, are a strain on country´s welfare system, maintain own/ take over customs); attitude towards the enlargement of the European Union; evaluation of the impact of immigrants on the development of the country; feeling close to the continent (e.g. Europe, Asiia etc.), the world, to the village, town or city, to the county, region, district, and to the country. 7. Environment: attitude towards the environment (willingness to give part of own income for the environment, increase of taxes if used to prevent environmental pollution, government should reduce environmental pollution. all talk about the environment make people anxious, combatting unemployment, we have to accept environmental problems, protecting environment and fighting pollution is less urgent than suggested); protecting the environment vs. economic growth. 8. Work: Job scarce: give priority to nationals over immigrants as well as men over women in jobs, older people should be forces to retire; unfair to give work to handicapped people when able bodied people can’t find jobs; satisfaction with the financial situation of the household; importance of selected criteria of occupational work (e.g. good pay, not too much pressure, good job security, a respected job, etc.); employed; degree of pride in work; job satisfaction; attitude towards work (freedom decision taking in job, humiliating to receive money without having to work for it, people who don’t work turn lazy, work is a duty towards society, people should not have to work if they don’t want to, work should come first even it it means less spare time); reasons why people work (work is like a business transaction, I do the best I can regardless o pay, I wouldn’t work if I didn’t have to, I wouldn’t work if work interfered my life, work is most important in my life, I never had a paid job); fairness: one secretary is paid more; following instructions at work. Demography: sex; year of birth; born in the country of interview; country of birth (ISO 3166-1 code, ISO 3166-1/3 Alpha code); year of immigration into the country; age; age recoded, age recodes (3 intervals); stable relationship; stable relationship before; marital status; Lived with partner before marriage; living with partner; ever been married before; number of children; had any children; number of children still living at home; number of people in the household (household size); age at completion of education (recoded in intervals); Educational level respondent (8 categories, ISCED 97 - one digit, ISCED 11 ‐ one digit, country-specific, recoded); living together with parents; employment status; employment status last job; supervisor function and number of supervised people (3 categories); number of employees (4 categories); institution of occupation; occupational sector: job profession/industry (2-digit ISCO88, 2-digit ISCO08); profession/ job; occupational status (SIOPS, ISEI, egp11, European ESeC); ); unemployment longer than three months; dependency on social security during the last five years; respondent is chief wage earner; chief wage earner is employed now; profession or job of chief wage earner; socio-economic status of respondent; income: scale of incomes (EVS); income (country-specific); monthly household income (x1000), corrected for ppp in euros; income level (3 categories) EVS. Information on partner/spouse: born in the country of interview; country of birth of partner/spouse (ISO 3166-1 code, ISO 3166-1/3 Alpha code); educational level of spouse/partner (ISCED 97 - one digit, ISCED 11 -one digit, country-specific, 8 categories, recoded); employment status; employment status last job; job profession/industry (2-digit ISCO88, 2-digit ISCO08); occupational status (SIOPS, ISEI, European ESeC, egp11); number of employees (company size); supervisor function and number of supervised people. Information on respondent’s parents: father and mother born in the country; country of birth of father and mother (ISO 3166-1 code and ISO 3166-1/3 Alpha code); educational level of father (ISCED 97 - one digit, ISCED 11 - one digit, country-specific, ISO 3166-1, 8 categories, recoded); educational level of mother (ISCED 11 - one digit, recoded); employment status of father when the respondent was 14 years old; characterization of the parents when respondent was 14 years old (scale: liked to read books, discussed politics at home with their child, liked to follow the news, had problems making ends meet, had problems replacing broken things); occupational group - respondent´s father (EVS5 - main earner) (respondent 14 years old). Additionally coded: ID: Original respondent number; unified respondent number; unified respondent number (EVS/WVS); interviewer number. Interview: mode of data collection; total length of interview; time of the interview - Start (hh.mm); time of the interview - End (hh.mm); date interview (YYYYMMDD); language of the interview (WVS/EVS list of languages); language of the interview (ISO 639-1 alpha-2 / 639-2 alpha-3); survey year; year/month of start-fieldwork; year/month of end-fieldwork; region: region where the interview was conducted; region where the intervies was conducted ((NUTS-1): NUTS version 2006, (NUTS-2): NUTS version 2006), (NUTS-1): NUTS version 2016, (NUTS-2): NUTS version 2016); size of town where interview was conducted (5 categories); size of town (country-specific); type of habitat; ethnic group; Post-Materialist index 12-item, 4-item). Weights: population size weight; weight; weight (with split ups); equilibrated weight-1000. Administration and protocol variables: country (CoW Numeric code); study; EVS-wave; EVS/WVS-wave; country (ISO 3166-1 Numeric code); country (ISO 3166-1 Numeric code) (with split ups); country (ISO 3166-1 Alpha-2 code); country (ISO 3166-1 Alpha-2 code) (with split ups); country - wave - study - set – year; country - wave - study - set - year (with split ups); country – wave; country - wave (with split ups); country – year; country - year (with split ups); GESIS study number (EVS wave); GESIS study number; GESIS archive version, GESIS archive version (EVS wave); Flag variable: Duplicate Cases. Design/ structure: year/ month of fieldwork-end (matrix design) (EVS5); year/ month of fieldwork-start (matrix design) (EVS5); matrix attribution (group/variable bloc) (EVS5); Mixed mode/matrix design (EVS5); mode of data collection (follow-up) (EVS5); date of interview (follow-up) (EVS5); time of the interview-start (constructed) (follow-up) (EVS5); time of the interview-end (constructed) (follow-up) (EVS5); survey year (follow-up) (EVS5). Interviewer rating: respondent’s interest during the interview.Die European Values Study ist ein groß angelegtes, länderübergreifendes und längsschnittliches Umfrageforschungsprogramm darüber, wie die Europäer über Familie, Arbeit, Religion, Politik und Gesellschaft denken. Die Umfrage wird alle neun Jahre in einer wachsenden Anzahl von Ländern wiederholt und gibt Einblicke in die Ideen, Überzeugungen, Präferenzen, Einstellungen, Werte und Meinungen der Bürger in ganz Europa. Das EVS Trend File 1981-2017 wird aus den fünf EVS-Wellen erstellt und deckt fast 40 Jahre ab. In insgesamt 160 Umfragen wurden mehr als 224.000 Befragte aus 48 Ländern/Regionen befragt. Es basiert auf den aktualisierten Daten des EVS Longitudinal Data File 1981-2008 (v.3.1.0) und dem aktuellen EVS 2017 Integrated Dataset (v.5.0.0). Sie folgt einem neuen Ansatz, der mit der WVS vereinbart wurde, um die früheren großen EVS- und WVS-Längsschnitt-Trenddateien in schlankere und einfacher zu verwendende Dateien umzuwandeln. Sowohl die EVS- als auch die WVS-Trenddateien basieren auf dem aktualisierten Common EVS/WVS Dictionary (v.2021). Es enthält nur die Variablen/Fragen, die seit den frühen 1980er Jahren von EVS und/oder WVS repliziert wurden. Der EVS Trend File und der World Values Survey Trend File (1981-2022) können so leicht zusammengeführt werden. Die daraus resultierende Integrated Values Surveys 1981-2022 Datendatei enthält die fünf Wellen der EVS und die sieben Wellen der WVS.1. Wahrnehmungen des Lebens: Bedeutung von Familie, Freunden und Bekannten, Freizeit, Politik, Arbeit und Religion; Glücksempfinden; Selbsteinschätzung des Gesundheitszustandes; Gefühle: jemals aufgeregt oder interessiert gefühlt, unruhig, stolz wegen Komplimenten, sehr einsam oder entfernt von anderen Menschen, erfreut darüber, etwas erreicht zu haben, gelangweilt, auf dem Gipfel der Welt, sehr unglücklich, dass die Dinge so laufen, verärgert wegen Kritik; Mitgliedschaften und freiwillige Arbeit (unbezahlte Arbeit) in: Sozialeinrichtungen, religiösen oder kirchlichen Organisationen, Bildung, Kunst, Musik oder kulturellen Aktivitäten, Gewerkschaften, politischen Parteien, kommunalpolitischen Aktionen, Menschenrechten, Naturschutz, Umwelt, Ökologie, Tierschutz, Berufsverbänden, Jugendarbeit, Sportvereinen, Frauengruppen, Friedensbewegung, Organisatio

EVS Trend File 1981-2017 – Sensitive Dataset

The European Values Study is a large-scale, cross-national and longitudinal survey research program on how Europeans think about family, work, religion, politics, and society. Repeated every nine years in an increasing number of countries, the survey provides insights into the ideas, beliefs, preferences, attitudes, values, and opinions of citizens all over Europe. The EVS Trend File 1981-2017 is constructed from the five EVS waves and covers almost 40 years. In altogether 160 surveys, more than 224.000 respondents from 48 countries/regions were interviewed. It is based on the updated data of the EVS Longitudinal Data File 1981-2008 (v.3.1.0) and the current EVS 2017 Integrated Dataset (v.5.0.0). For the EVS Trend File, a Restricted-Use File (ZA7504) is available in addition to the (factually anonymised) Scientific-Use File (ZA7503). The EVS Trend File – Sensitive Dataset (ZA7504) is provided as an add-on file. In addition to a small set of admin and protocol variables needed to merge with the SUF data, the Sensitive Dataset contains the following variables that could not be included in the scientific-use file due to their sensitive nature: W005_3 Job profession/industry (3-digit ISCO88) - spouse/partner EVS 2008W005_3_01 Job profession/industry (3-digit ISCO08) - spouse/partner EVS 2017W005_4 Job profession/industry (4-digit ISCO88) - spouse/partner EVS 2008X035_3 Job profession/industry (3-digit ISCO88) – respondent EVS 1999, EVS 2008 X035_3_01 Job profession/industry (3-digit ISCO08) - respondent EVS 2017X035_4 Job profession/industry (4-digit ISCO88) – respondent EVS 1999, EVS 2008 x048c_n3 Region where the interview was conducted (NUTS-3): NUTS version 2006 EVS 2008X048J_N3 Region where the interview was conducted (NUTS-3): NUTS version 2016 EVS 2017X049 Size of town (8 categories) EVS 2008, EVS 2017 Detailed information on the anonymization process in the EVS Trend File is provided in the EVS Trend File Variable Report

Epidemiology and impact of frailty in patients with atrial fibrillation in Europe

Background: Frailty is a medical syndrome characterised by reduced physiological reserve and increased vulnerability to stressors. Data regarding the relationship between frailty and atrial fibrillation (AF) are still inconsistent. Objectives: We aim to perform a comprehensive evaluation of frailty in a large European cohort of AF patients. Methods: A 40-item frailty index (FI) was built according to the accumulation of deficits model in the AF patients enrolled in the ESC-EHRA EORP-AF General Long-Term Registry. Association of baseline characteristics, clinical management, quality of life, healthcare resources use and risk of outcomes with frailty was examined. Results: Among 10,177 patients [mean age (standard deviation) 69.0 (11.4) years, 4,103 (40.3%) females], 6,066 (59.6%) were pre-frail and 2,172 (21.3%) were frail, whereas only 1,939 (19.1%) were considered robust. Baseline thromboembolic and bleeding risks were independently associated with increasing FI. Frail patients with AF were less likely to be treated with oral anticoagulants (OACs) (odds ratio 0.70, 95% confidence interval 0.55–0.89), especially with non-vitamin K antagonist OACs and managed with a rhythm control strategy, compared with robust patients. Increasing frailty was associated with a higher risk for all outcomes examined, with a non-linear exponential relationship. The use of OAC was associated with a lower risk of outcomes, except in patients with very/extremely high frailty. Conclusions: In this large cohort of AF patients, there was a high burden of frailty, influencing clinical management and risk of adverse outcomes. The clinical benefit of OAC is maintained in patients with high frailty, but not in very high/extremely frail ones