Efeito das experiências passadas nos investimentos financeiros na Europa : análise empirica com base no SHARELIFE e SHARE (2006-2010)

Mestrado em FinançasEsta tese investiga os efeitos das experiências passadas dos detentores de ações e obrigações, que viveram a Crise Financeira de 2008, num contexto da Household Finance. Após análise da literatura, foi possível testar empiricamente modelos para Stockholdings e Bondholdings com base no cruzamento dos dados do Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), nomeadamente SHARELIFE (2008) e SHARE (WAVE 2 - 2006 e WAVE 4 - 2010), de 12 países (N = 8.649 de indivíduos com idade entre os 50 e 90 anos). Várias especificações foram testadas usando modelos Probit, em que a variável dicotómica dependente assume o valor 1, se a utilidade de deter ações ou obrigações for não negativa em 2010 e assume o valor 0, se a utilidade for negativa. Os resultados são fornecidos para Stockholdings e Bondholdings com experiência do tipo (i), se em algum momento do seu historial investiram em ações ou obrigações e com experiência do tipo (ii), que define o número de anos de experiência em ações ou obrigações. A probabilidade de participar no mercado acionista em 2010 aumenta com os indivíduos que detinham ações em 2006 com experiência do tipo (i) e (ii), controlados para riqueza ou educação e decresce com rendimento por escalões ou aversão ao risco. A probabilidade de participar no mercado obrigacionista em 2010 aumenta com os indivíduos que detinham ações em 2006 com experiência do tipo (i) e (ii), controlados pela riqueza e diminui com os escalões de rendimento e educação. As diferenças encontradas entre os vários modelos provaram que a experiência assume um efeito marginal mais elevado que as variáveis tradicionais de participação nos mercados financeiros (riqueza/rendimento, educação e aversão ao risco).This dissertation investigates the effects of past experiences of holders of stocks and bonds, who lived the Financial Crisis of 2008, in a context of Household Finance. After examining the literature, it was possible to empirically test models for Stockholdings and Bondholdings based on cross section data of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), including SHARELIFE (2008) and SHARE (WAVE 2-2006 and WAVE 4 - 2010), from 12 countries (N = 8,649 individuals aged between 50 and 90 years). Various specifications were tested using Probit models, where the dichotomous dependent variable takes the value 1 if the utility of holding stocks or bonds is not negative in 2010 and takes the value 0 if the utility is negative. The results are provided for Stockholdings and Bondholdings with experience of type (i), if at any point of the its history invested in stocks or bonds and with experience of type (ii), which defines the number of years of experience in stocks or bonds. The probability to participate in the stock market in 2010 increases with individuals who held shares in 2006 with experience of type (i) and (ii), controlling for wealth or education and decreases with income levels or by risk aversion. The probability to participate in the bond market in 2010 increases with individuals who held shares in 2006 with experience of type (i) and (ii), controlled by wealth and decreases with income and education levels. The differences between the several models have proven that experience takes on a higher marginal effect than the traditional variables of participation in financial markets (wealth / income, education and risk aversion)

Atrasentan and renal events in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (SONAR): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial

Background: Short-term treatment for people with type 2 diabetes using a low dose of the selective endothelin A receptor antagonist atrasentan reduces albuminuria without causing significant sodium retention. We report the long-term effects of treatment with atrasentan on major renal outcomes. Methods: We did this double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial at 689 sites in 41 countries. We enrolled adults aged 18–85 years with type 2 diabetes, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)25–75 mL/min per 1·73 m 2 of body surface area, and a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR)of 300–5000 mg/g who had received maximum labelled or tolerated renin–angiotensin system inhibition for at least 4 weeks. Participants were given atrasentan 0·75 mg orally daily during an enrichment period before random group assignment. Those with a UACR decrease of at least 30% with no substantial fluid retention during the enrichment period (responders)were included in the double-blind treatment period. Responders were randomly assigned to receive either atrasentan 0·75 mg orally daily or placebo. All patients and investigators were masked to treatment assignment. The primary endpoint was a composite of doubling of serum creatinine (sustained for ≥30 days)or end-stage kidney disease (eGFR <15 mL/min per 1·73 m 2 sustained for ≥90 days, chronic dialysis for ≥90 days, kidney transplantation, or death from kidney failure)in the intention-to-treat population of all responders. Safety was assessed in all patients who received at least one dose of their assigned study treatment. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01858532. Findings: Between May 17, 2013, and July 13, 2017, 11 087 patients were screened; 5117 entered the enrichment period, and 4711 completed the enrichment period. Of these, 2648 patients were responders and were randomly assigned to the atrasentan group (n=1325)or placebo group (n=1323). Median follow-up was 2·2 years (IQR 1·4–2·9). 79 (6·0%)of 1325 patients in the atrasentan group and 105 (7·9%)of 1323 in the placebo group had a primary composite renal endpoint event (hazard ratio [HR]0·65 [95% CI 0·49–0·88]; p=0·0047). Fluid retention and anaemia adverse events, which have been previously attributed to endothelin receptor antagonists, were more frequent in the atrasentan group than in the placebo group. Hospital admission for heart failure occurred in 47 (3·5%)of 1325 patients in the atrasentan group and 34 (2·6%)of 1323 patients in the placebo group (HR 1·33 [95% CI 0·85–2·07]; p=0·208). 58 (4·4%)patients in the atrasentan group and 52 (3·9%)in the placebo group died (HR 1·09 [95% CI 0·75–1·59]; p=0·65). Interpretation: Atrasentan reduced the risk of renal events in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease who were selected to optimise efficacy and safety. These data support a potential role for selective endothelin receptor antagonists in protecting renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk of developing end-stage kidney disease. Funding: AbbVie