Closerange Photogrametry. Previous Works to the Data Collection

La Fotogrametría es la técnica cuyo fin es estudiar y definir con precisión la forma, dimensiones y posición en el espacio de un objeto cualquiera, utilizando esencialmente medidas hechas sobre una o varias fotografías de ese objeto. Para la correcta toma de las fotografías es necesario conocer el funcionamiento interno de las cámaras fotográficas. En este artículo se desarrolla el cálculo de la posición desde la cual tomar una fotografía para obtener una resolución adecuada, así como la distancia entre una imagen y la siguiente para que el solape sea correcto. La relación existente entre la distancia focal, f, de una cámara de fotos, y la distancia entre la cámara y el objeto a fotografiar, H, cumple con la siguiente característica: es igual a la relación entre el ancho del tamaño del sensor, w, y el ancho real del objeto fotografiado, W. Partiendo de esta relación de proporcionalidad se desarrollan una serie de cálculos que, por seguro, se deben tener en cuenta al planificar un trabajo de fotogrametría terrestre

Optimización en el posicionamiento para la realización de un levantamiento arquitectónico

La presente Tesis Doctoral desarrolla un método de selección del conjunto de posicionamientos desde los cuales realizar la toma de datos geométricos de un edificio, en aras de ejecutar el Levantamiento Arquitectónico del mismo. Este trabajo de investigación se ha realizado con el fin de obtener un método que asista a los profesionales de la Topografía, la Ingeniería y la Arquitectura en los trabajos de levantamientos de edificios. Para ello, se ha realizado un estudio acerca de las técnicas de optimización adecuadas para conocer el número óptimo de posicionamientos desde los cuales realizar la toma de datos, y la ubicación de los mismos. Esta investigación se ha creído necesaria al observar que los Levantamientos Arquitectónicos se han venido realizando basándose en la experiencia y buen hacer de los profesionales que lo ejecutan, intuyendo, a ojo, cuáles son los mejores puntos sobre los que estacionar, pero sin ningún control que verifique que la toma de datos vaya a ser correcta. Esto puede conllevar pérdidas económicas, de tiempo, y lo más importante, errores en la toma de datos. Para dar respuesta al problema planteado, en la presente memoria de tesis se desarrolla el diseño de dos algoritmos, los cuales devuelven un número razonable de posicionamientos que garantizan la visualización de forma correcta de un edificio desde su lado exterior. El primero de ellos deriva de las técnicas de optimización basadas en el Problema de la Galería de Arte. Dicho problema estudia el número mínimo suficiente de guardias para vigilar en su totalidad una sala de un museo. Tras esta primera aproximación, se ha diseñado un Algoritmo Genético, basado en la computación evolutiva e implementado como un Sistema Multiagente. Una vez diseñados ambos algoritmos, se han probado con éxito en diferentes casos, entre los cuales, por su especial interés patrimonial, se expone como estudio de caso el levantamiento realizado con escáner láser sobre el Molinode Marea del Río Arillo, en Cádiz, declarado Bien de Interés Cultural. Con este trabajo se ha llegado a la conclusión principal de que los algoritmos diseñados aportan una importante mejora en los trabajos de levantamientos. Por ello, se considera necesario continuar con la línea de investigación iniciada, con el fin de obtener resultados que se ajusten a una tipología más amplia de edificios.This Phd Thesis sets a selection method for the various positions from which data acquisition is carried out for an Architectural Survey on a building. The aim of this research work was to obtain a method that can be used by Land Surveyors, Engineers and Architects to accurately carry out architectural surveys on buildings. To that end, a method of finding the optimum number of positions from which data acquisition is carried out has been investigated. This research was deemed necessary when it was observed that up until now, Architectural Surveys have been carried out based on the professional experience and know-how of the person carrying them out, who uses his/her intuition to calculate by sight where the best positions to place the instruments are, but without any control checking that this data acquisition will be accurate. This can lead to a waste of money, time and more importantly, errors in data acquisition. To solve the problem posed, two algorithms were designed for this research project, to give a reasonable number of positions which allow a building to be accurately visualised from the outside. The first of these comes from the optimization techniques based on the Art Gallery Problem. This problem studies the minimum number of guards necessary to watch over an art gallery in its entirety. After this first approach, a Genetic Algorithm was designed. This technique, as can be guessed from its name, simulates the Evolution of Species. Once the algorithms were designed, an architectural survey was carried out with a laser scanner on the Rio Arillo Tidal Mill, in Cádiz, declared a Cultural Heritage Site. This was used as a case study. The main conclusion obtained from this research is that both of the algorithms designed mean an important improvement to surveying works. Nevert-heless, it is considered necessary to continue this line of research, in order to obtain more accurate results, and for it to be applicable to a wider range of building types

A point cloud classification method for the ScanToBIM process in Architectural Heritage

Heritage Building Information Modelling (H-BIM) has completely changed the meaning of managing architectural sites and ancient buildings. Nowadays, the application of cutting-edge methods for analysis, conservation and restoration is made possible by the modern 3D scanning technologies, such as terrestrial laser scanners (TLS) and digital cameras, which produce highly accurate point clouds. Furthermore, as these files are time-consuming and computationally expensive, strategies are being developed to optimise their handling and to streamline the conversion of a point cloud into a BIM model, adopting Scan-to-BIM approaches and widespread Artificial intelligence. In this scenario, the current work investigates the use of the CANUPO multiscale algorithm and the RANSAC model-fitting method for the classification of the staircase of Palazzo Nico, a neoclassical building in Gioia del Colle, Italy, using data obtained through TLS. The location’s geometry, which includes numerous floors, vaults, balustrades, and typical 19th-century-style ornate staircase, makes it an excellent case study for assessing the applicability of these tools, serving as a source base for additional modelling procedures

How Innovation affects Users’ Emotional Responses: Implications for Product Success and Business Sustainability.

The market is experiencing an expanding range of products, prompting manufacturing companies to differentiate themselves from competitors by moving away from conventional concepts. However, these innovations often fail to meet consumer expectations, leading to product failure, and consequently, an unsustainable evolution of the market and the business. This unsustainability requires designers to adapt innovations to align with consumer needs and desires. Understanding and validating these adaptations can be achieved by examining users’ emotional responses to innovative products. The objective of this study is to assess the influence of innovation in the development of new successful products, sales performance, and, therefore, business sustainability. This evaluation is based on the perceptions of potential consumers through the analysis of users’ emotional responses to various new product concepts at different design stages. A case study presents the evaluation of 48 new interactive lamp concepts categorized into relaxation, study, and leisure topics. The target audience for these concepts is consumers aged 18 to 24. The designs were developed by 12 teams of final-year industrial design students using insights from a prior psychographic study involving over 800 potential consumers. The findings highlight differences in users’ perceptions of innovative and traditional products across topics. These differences relate to users’ interest, intuitiveness, and desirability toward a product. Generally, traditional product concepts are perceived as more intuitive, but users show greater interest and desire for innovative concepts, with some variations among the analyzed topics. The business environment is encouraged to share these data with new product-development teams to achieve sustainable market and business growth.Partial funding for open access charge: Universidad de Málag

The Hall of the Kingdoms of the Buen Retiro Palace as an improvised 3D-model room (1779-1803)

[EN] During the Modern Age, various European courts consolidated the tradition of the manufacture of plans-reliefs of fortified cities as a complement to other forms of representation (maps and plans) used within the military field. In this context, the Hall of Kingdoms of the Buen Retiro Palace functioned as an improvised 3D-model room at the end of the 18th century. The plan-relief of Cadiz was installed therein as the sole model built as part of the global project promoted by King Charles of Spain III in 1776 for the manufacture of models of strongholds of the kingdom. After the usefulness of this first model was questioned, the project was abandoned, although the room did later house another seven models. The identity of these deposited models, the time period, and the circumstances under which this room was utilised as a 3D-model room constitute the subject of this research.[ES] Durante la Edad Moderna diversas cortes europeas consolidaron como tradición la fabricación de planos en relieve de ciudades fortificadas, complemento a otras formas de representación -mapas y planos- empleadas dentro del ámbito militar. En este contexto, el Salón de los Reinos del Palacio del Buen Retiro funcionó como un improvisado cuarto de modelos a finales del siglo XVIII. En él quedó instalado el modelo de Cádiz, único elaborado al amparo del proyecto global para la fabricación de maquetas de plazas fuertes del Reino, promovido por Carlos III (1776). Tras cuestionarse la utilidad de este primer modelo el proyecto fue abortado, si bien la estancia albergó siete modelos más con posterioridad. La identidad de las maquetas depositadas, el periodo de tiempo y las circunstancias en las que fue utilizado como cuarto de modelos son objeto de investigación.Granado-Castro, G.; Aguilar-Camacho, J.; Cabrera-Revuelta, E. (2023). El Salón de los Reinos del Palacio del Buen Retiro como improvisado cuarto de maquetas (1779-1803). EGA Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica. 28(49):138-149. https://doi.org/10.4995/ega.2023.19030138149284

How Innovation Affects Users’ Emotional Responses: Implications for Product Success and Business Sustainability

The market is experiencing an expanding range of products, prompting manufacturing companies to differentiate themselves from competitors by moving away from conventional concepts. However, these innovations often fail to meet consumer expectations, leading to product failure, and consequently, an unsustainable evolution of the market and the business. This unsustainability requires designers to adapt innovations to align with consumer needs and desires. Understanding and validating these adaptations can be achieved by examining users’ emotional responses to innovative products. The objective of this study is to assess the influence of innovation in the development of new successful products, sales performance, and, therefore, business sustainability. This evaluation is based on the perceptions of potential consumers through the analysis of users’ emotional responses to various new product concepts at different design stages. A case study presents the evaluation of 48 new interactive lamp concepts categorized into relaxation, study, and leisure topics. The target audience for these concepts is consumers aged 18 to 24. The designs were developed by 12 teams of final-year industrial design students using insights from a prior psychographic study involving over 800 potential consumers. The findings highlight differences in users’ perceptions of innovative and traditional products across topics. These differences relate to users’ interest, intuitiveness, and desirability toward a product. Generally, traditional product concepts are perceived as more intuitive, but users show greater interest and desire for innovative concepts, with some variations among the analyzed topics. The business environment is encouraged to share these data with new product-development teams to achieve sustainable market and business growth

THE HALL OF KINGDOMS OF THE BUEN RETIRO PALACE AS AN IMPROVISED 3D-MODEL ROOM (1779-1803)

Durante la Edad Moderna diversas cortes europeas consolidaron como tradición la fabricación de planos en relieve de ciudades fortificadas, complemento a otras formas de representación -mapas y planos- empleadas dentro del ámbito militar. En este contexto, el Salón de los Reinos del Palacio del Buen Retiro funcionó como un improvisado cuarto de modelos a finales del siglo XVIII. En él quedó instalado el modelo de Cádiz, único elaborado al amparo del proyecto global para la fabricación de maquetas de plazas fuertes del Reino, promovido por Carlos III (1776). Tras cuestionarse la utilidad de este primer modelo el proyecto fue abortado, si bien la estancia albergó siete modelos más con posterioridad. La identidad de las maquetas depositadas, el periodo de tiempo y las circunstancias en las que fue utilizado como cuarto de modelos son objeto de investigación

Evaluation of Geometric Data Registration of Small Objects from Non-Invasive Techniques: Applicability to the HBIM Field

Reverse engineering and the creation of digital twins are advantageous for documenting, cataloging, and maintenance control tracking in the cultural heritage field. Digital copies of the objects into Building Information Models (BIM) add cultural interest to every artistic work. Low-cost 3D sensors, particularly structured-light scanners, have evolved towards multiple uses in the entertainment market but also as data acquisition and processing techniques for research purposes. Nowadays, with the development of structured-light data capture technologies, the geometry of objects can be recorded in high-resolution 3D datasets at a very low cost. On this basis, this research addresses a small artifact with geometric singularities that is representative of small museum objects. For this, the precision of two structured-light scanners is compared with that of the photogrammetric technique based on short-range image capture: a high-cost Artec Spider 3D scanner, and the low-cost Revopoint POP 3D scanner. Data capture accuracy is evaluated through a mathematical algorithm and point set segmentation to verify the spatial resolution. In addition, the precision of the 3D model is studied through a vector analysis in a BIM environment, an unprecedented analysis until now. The work evaluates the accuracy of the devices through algorithms and the study of point density at the submillimeter scale. Although the results of the 3D geometry may vary in a morphometric analysis depending on the device records, the results demonstrate similar accuracies in that submillimeter range. Photogrammetry achieved an accuracy of 0.70 mm versus the Artec Spider and 0.57 mm against the Revopoint POP 3D scanner

Photogrammetric state of degradation assessment of decorative claddings: the plasterwork of the Maidens' Courtyard (The Royal Alcazar of Seville)

Highlights: • The photogrammetric survey demonstrates to be a potential tool in the preventive conservation of ancient plasterworks. • The high-precision 3D model allows the study and quantification of alterations (e.g. fissures, deformations, and loss of mass or polychromies). • The virtual model and the analysis performed with CloudCompare software provide fast, accurate and accessible results to experts in the field. Abstract: Previous studies and documentation about the state of conservation of architectural or decorative elements are crucial for heritage managers, technicians and researchers to succeed in the maintenance and preservation of the heritage. In this sense, hand tracings, digital drawings, or photographs have traditionally been the methods for alteration and sample mapping. In spite of their effectiveness, these methods have some disadvantages, such as the need for more precision in terms of location, dimensions, quantification and types of alterations. By contrast, high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) models allow us to analyse decorative ancient plasterworks with great precision, offering considerable advantages over traditional tools for heritage documentation. To facilitate stakeholders’ work and enhance the quality of data collected, this work proposes the use of photogrammetry as a tool for the documentation of polychromed ancient plasterworks, taking the upper frieze of the access door to the Charles V ceiling room in the Royal Alcazar of Seville as a case of study. Thus, the work methodology applied has shown several advantages over previous methods. On the one hand, it was possible to obtain a 2D planimetry from the 3D model; this is an essential step for those responsible for heritage, especially in reports prior to restoration interventions. On the other hand, the 3D model created enables present alterations identification, the location of fissures and cracks in their three dimensions (opening, length and depth), deformations measurement and control, the quantification of mass or polychrome loss, and the detached elements digital reconstruction. In this way, highprecision digital results are quickly obtained and accessible to all the experts involved in the heritage conservation and maintenance plan

Capiteles sevillanos: técnicas avanzadas para su documentación gráfica.

Los recientes avances en el campo de la documentación gráfica del patrimonio mediante el uso de la fotogrametría y scanner 3D han dado paso a un renovadointerés en el estudio de técnicas y procesos susceptibles de ser empleados en la generación de modelos digitales de elementos patrimoniales. Sin embargo hasta ahora poco se ha avanzado en el establecimiento de estándares en los procesos que garanticen la homogeneidad y la interoperabilidad de los trabajos. Considerando la valiosa información sobre el edificio que encierran los capiteles, el presente documento trata de mostrar los trabajos llevados a cabo para la documentación gráfica, con carácter métrico, mediante el empleo de técnicas fotogramétricas y de escaneado óptico 3D. Junto con el uso de software especializado en gestión de nubes de puntos y modelado tridimensional, se han obtenido modelos 3D texturizados tratando de establecer un protocolo de actuación para la representación, el análisis y la diseminación de los resultadosRecent developments in the field of documentation of cultural heritage using digital photogrammetry and scanning have led to a renewed interest in techniques and processes that are being used to get geometric models of heritage. So far, however, there has been little discussion about the definition of standardized processes in order to ensure homogeneity and interoperability. On the other hand, very valuable information of the buildings is contained by capitals. The aim of our research is to get a protocol in the documentation of this kind of architectural elements, through the use and comparison of new technologies in the graphic documentation. For this purpose, we have used photogrammetric techniques and optical scanners in order to obtain field data, specialized software management and modeling point clouds for the development of textured 3D models and graphic design software that allows us to analyze and disseminate the result