Preparo e aplicação da hidrotalcita para produção de biodiesel

Monografia (graduação)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade UnB Gama, 2015.Com o aumento do consumo energético mundial, a forte dependência dos combustíveis fósseis torna-se cada vez mais inviável. Com problemas ambientais, devido à sua combustão, ocasionando emissão de gases poluentes, e ao seu esgotamento de recursos, objetiva-se diversificar a matriz energética, focando nas fontes renováveis ou em processos mais ambientalmente amigáveis. O biodiesel é um biocombustível líquido importante no setor de transportes, para os veículos de motor de ciclo diesel, e por apresentar grande potencial na substituição total ou parcial, na forma de blendas, pesquisas na otimização da sua produção estão sendo realizadas. Atualmente, de acordo com a legislação federal, o diesel comercializado em todo território nacional deve conter 7% (v/v) de biodiesel. Nesse contexto, a busca por catalisadores heterogêneos é de extrema importância para processos cada vez mais sustentáveis e para alcançar melhores rendimentos. Pode-se citar dentre eles, a hidrotalcita a qual é um composto mineral chamado também de argilas aniônicas e que pode ser sintetizado. Com vantagens atrativas tais como: recuperação ao final do processo, reuso, uma produção mais limpa de produtos e subprodutos e devido à sua preparação ser considerada de baixo custo e reprodutível, o objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a sua síntese e aplicá-la na produção de biodiesel. Os resultados das hidrotalcitas preparadas foram comparadas com uma hidrotalcita comercial. A partir do método da co-precipitação, todas apresentaram formação cristalina características e parâmetros semelhantes a da hidrotalcita mineral. Das reações de biodiesel, o melhor rendimento encontrado foi de 100%, com uma temperatura reacional de 100ºC por 4h, em uma razão óleo de soja: metanol de 1:18 e 10% (m/m) de catalisador. Essas condições foram otimizadas, pois foi possível diminuir a temperatura para uma melhor conversão. Além disso, a hidrotalcita calcinada a 550ºC foi eficaz para a reação de transesterificação, podendo ser melhorado o seu desempenho em futuros testes. ________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTWith the increase of global energy consumption, the strong dependence on fossil fuels becomes increasingly untenable. With environmental problems due to its combustion that results in greenhouse gas emissions, and their exhausted resources, the objective is to diversify the energy matrix, focusing on renewable sources or more environmentally friendly processes. Biodiesel is a liquid biofuel very important in the transportation sector, for motor vehicle diesel cycle, and because of its great potential in full or partial substitution in the form of blends, research on the optimization of its production are being developed. Currently, according to federal law, the diesel marketed throughout the country must contain 7% (v / v) of biodiesel. In this context, the search for heterogeneous catalysts is of extremely important to increase sustainable processes and to achieve better yields. It could be mentioned among them, which hydrotalcite is a mineral compound also called anionic clays that can be synthesized. With attractive advantages as: the recovery at the end of the process, reuse, cleaner production products and by-products and because of their preparation be considered inexpensive and reproducible, the objective of this work was to study their synthesis and apply them in biodiesel production. The results of the prepared hydrotalcites were compared with a commercial hydrotalcite. From the coprecipitation method, all of them showed crystalline characteristics and parameters similar to mineral hydrotalcite.. In the reactions of biodiesel, the best performance was 100%, with a reaction temperature of 100 °C for 4h in a soybean oil and methanol ratio: 1:18 and 10% (w / w) catalyst. These conditions were optimized because it was possible to reduce the temperature to a better conversion. In addition, the hydrotalcite calcined at 550 °C was effective for transesterification reaction and may be improved their performance in future tests

LAVAGEM DE DINHEIRO: uma abordagem à luz da nova política criminal brasileira

O presente trabalho científico trata do crime de lavagem de dinheiro tendo como escopo propiciar um conhecimento geral sobre o tema, trazendo sua definição, divulgando informação capaz de favorecer a apuração de ilegalidades. Trata-se de uma visão abrangente da matéria, detalhando a realidade criminal, onde realiza-se técnicas criminosas cada vez mais elaboradas, que ultrapassam fronteiras e burlam diversos sistemas jurídicos, motivo pelo qual se tornou uma preocupação mundial. São analisadas ainda, as fases do crime de lavagem de dinheiro conforme o modelo elaborado pelo GAFI, ponderando que tais fases não precisam ocorrer efetivamente para se configurar o delito e que sua análise é importante para o entendimento do tema. Por fim, analisa as disposições penais relevantes e as inovações trazidas pela Lei 12.683/2012, refletindo atentamente se a novel Lei de Lavagem de Dinheiro traz a possibilidade de que a justiça seja realmente cumprida

Vencendo a crise: mudança organizacional na Rhodia Farma

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Cross-node Socioeconomic and Governance Assessments of MMAs

This report is concerned with the socioeconomic and governance dimension of Marine Managed Areas (MMAs), targeting key issues that still impede the design and implementation of MMAs. It looks into the objectives of the MMAs and which types of MMAs were effective at meeting their objectives. It evaluates how socio-economic (e.g., demographics) and governance (e.g. institutional frameworks and processes) characteristics impact on management effectiveness of MMAs (e.g. are wealthy communities correlated with more or less successful MMAs?). In general, this study assesses the social, economic and governance conditions of MMAs in North America (Central America)-Belize; South America (Northeastern)-Brazil; Oceania-Fiji; South America (Northwestern)-Ecuador; and North America (Central America)-Panama; in terms of their impact on factors such as economic development, quality of life, livelihoods, environmental awareness, stakeholder participation, and policy enforcement. The results will substantially contribute to the design and implementation of other socio-economic studies as well as to the employment of more effective MMA management practices in five countries and globally

O Preconceito Sofrido Pela Mulher Como Profissional Médica Em Anápolis E Goiânia

Durante séculos as mulheres foram subjugadas à dominação masculina, tanto dentro do lar quanto fora dele, onde existia o que era e o que não era adequado para uma mulher. Visando adentrar no mercado de trabalho, a mulher enfrentou e ainda enfrenta muitas adversidades, principalmente quando essa inserção é em uma área considerada masculina pela sociedade, como é a medicina. As primeiras mulheres a ingressarem e formarem em medicina sofreram com preconceito por seus colegas e pela sociedade, durante e após sua formação, mas mesmo após quase dois séculos, as mulheres médicas ainda enfrentam grandes questões de preconceito de gênero. Descrever se ainda existe na prática médica o patriarcalismo histórico, persistindo os obstáculos advindos de preconceitos relacionados ao gênero. Estudo transversal, descritivo e de abordagem quantitativa. A população amostral será constituída por médicas atuantes nos municípios de Goiânia e Anápolis no estado de Goiás. Os dados serão coletados a partir de um questionário adaptado composto por 21 questões abertas e fechadas, será aplicado online por meio da plataforma Google Forms e terá seu link divulgado por meio de mídias sociais. Constatar a existência de preconceito contra mulheres médicas na atualidade

Global Burden of Multiple Myeloma ASystematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Introduction: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell neoplasm with substantial morbidity and mortality. A comprehensive description of the global burden of MM is needed to help direct health policy, resource allocation, research, and patient care.Objective: To describe the burden of MM and the availability of effective therapies for 21 world regions and 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016.Design and Setting: We report incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2016 study. Data sources include vital registration system, cancer registry, drug availability, and survey data for stem cell transplant rates. We analyzed the contribution of aging, population growth, and changes in incidence rates to the overall change in incident cases from 1990 to 2016 globally, by sociodemographic index (SDI) and by region. We collected data on approval of lenalidomide and bortezomib worldwide.Main Outcomes and Measures: Multiple myeloma mortality; incidence; years lived with disabilities; years of life lost; and DALYs by age, sex, country, and year.Results: Worldwide in 2016 there were 138 509 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 121 000-155 480) incident cases of MM with an age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of 2.1 per 100 000 persons (95% UI, 1.8-2.3). Incident cases from 1990 to 2016 increased by 126% globally and by 106% to 192% for all SDI quintiles. The 3 world regions with the highest ASIR of MM were Australasia, North America, and Western Europe. Multiple myeloma caused 2.1 million (95% UI, 1.9-2.3 million) DALYs globally in 2016. Stem cell transplantation is routinely available in higher-income countries but is lacking in sub-Saharan Africa and parts of the Middle East. In 2016, lenalidomide and bortezomib had been approved in 73 and 103 countries, respectively.Conclusions and Relevance: Incidence of MM is highly variable among countries but has increased uniformly since 1990, with the largest increase in middle and low-middle SDI countries. Access to effective care is very limited in many countries of low socioeconomic development, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Global health policy priorities for MM are to improve diagnostic and treatment capacity in low and middle income countries and to ensure affordability of effective medications for every patient. Research priorities are to elucidate underlying etiological factors explaining the heterogeneity in myeloma incidence

Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2016:A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study

Importance: The increasing burden due to cancer and other noncommunicable diseases poses a threat to human development, which has resulted in global political commitments reflected in the Sustainable Development Goals as well as the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Action Plan on Non-Communicable Diseases. To determine if these commitments have resulted in improved cancer control, quantitative assessments of the cancer burden are required.Objective: To assess the burden for 29 cancer groups over time to provide a framework for policy discussion, resource allocation, and research focus.Evidence Review: Cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were evaluated for 195 countries and territories by age and sex using the Global Burden of Disease study estimation methods. Levels and trends were analyzed over time, as well as by the Sociodemographic Index (SDI). Changes in incident cases were categorized by changes due to epidemiological vs demographic transition.Findings: In 2016, there were 17.2 million cancer cases worldwide and 8.9 million deaths. Cancer cases increased by 28% between 2006 and 2016. The smallest increase was seen in high SDI countries. Globally, population aging contributed 17%; population growth, 12%; and changes in age-specific rates, -1% to this change. The most common incident cancer globally for men was prostate cancer (1.4 million cases). The leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs was tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer (1.2 million deaths and 25.4 million DALYs). For women, the most common incident cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs was breast cancer (1.7 million incident cases, 535 000 deaths, and 14.9 million DALYs). In 2016, cancer caused 213.2 million DALYs globally for both sexes combined. Between 2006 and 2016, the average annual age-standardized incidence rates for all cancers combined increased in 130 of 195 countries or territories, and the average annual age-standardized death rates decreased within that timeframe in 143 of 195 countries or territories.Conclusions and Relevance: Large disparities exist between countries in cancer incidence, deaths, and associated disability. Scaling up cancer prevention and ensuring universal access to cancer care are required for health equity and to fulfill the global commitments for noncommunicable disease and cancer control

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation