Assessing stack ventilation strategies in the continental climate of Beijing using CFD simulations

The performance of a stack ventilated building compared with two other building designs have been predicted numerically for ventilation and thermal comfort effects in a typical climate of Beijing, China. The buildings were configured based on natural ventilation. Using actual building sizes, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models were developed, simulated and analysed in Fluent, an ANSYS platform. This paper describes the general design consideration that has been incorporated, the ventilation strategies and the variation in meshing and boundary conditions. The predicted results show that the ventilation flow rates are important parameters to ensure fresh air supply. A Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) model based on ISO-7730 (2005) and the Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD) indices were simulated using Custom Field Functions (CFF) in the fluent design interface for transition seasons of Beijing. The results showed that the values of PMV are not within the standard acceptable range defined by ISO-7730

The Frequency of Antibiotics Sold without A Prescription and the Appropriateness of Antibiotic Use in Sanliurfa

AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency with which antibiotics were sold without a prescription, to examine factors related to such practices and to determine the appropriateness of antibiotics sold with a prescription in Sanliurfa city center in Turkey. METHOD: This cross-sectional study was carried out between September and December 2010, on patients who visited the pharmacies to ask for antibiotics with or without prescription. To determine the research sample the cluster sampling method was used and from 186 pharmacies, 25 pharmacies were selected at random. The pharmacies were visited and asked to complete a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: 373 patients obtained antibiotics from pharmacies. The patients who received antibiotics by prescription comprised 98.6% (n=359) of all patients. A total 36 different antibiotics had been prescribed to the patients. Inappropriate prescription of antibiotics was documented in 63.7%. The most-prescribed antibiotic was co-amoxiclav (28.8%). The rate of inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions with the diagnosis of upper respiratory tract infection (77.8%) was highest, while the rate was lowest with the diagnosis of urinary tract infection (23.3%) (&#967;2: 68.8, P<0.001). The rate of inappropriate prescribed antibiotics in state hospitals (53.7%) was lower than the rate in primary health care centers (72.1%) and private hospitals and clinics (64.7%) (&#967;2: 10.4, P=0.05). There was no diagnosis of infection in 17 (4.7%) patients with prescriptions. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the use of antibiotics without prescription was low, while the rate of inappropriate antibiotic use was high in Sanliurfa. The use of antibiotics without prescription can potentially be prevented through interventions in the healthcare system. To prevent inappropriate antibiotic prescription, improvements to physicians&#8217; education must be implemented, even after graduation. [TAF Prev Med Bull 2012; 11(2.000): 173-180