Political elites and a polity in the making: the case of the EU

"Over the past years, elite theory, with its explorations of the relationship between elite configurations and regime vicissitudes, has made a significant come-back in the world of political science. There is no doubt that the work of John Higley, which has shown that regime types and regime stability may be meaningfully connected to the unity and disunity of elites, and to elite unity being based either on consensus or on ideological conformity, has made a major contribution to this resurgence of interest. Elite theory, however, has paid less attention to the relationship between the political elites and the transformations of the political community. This paper is devoted to an exploration of some aspects of this relationship through an analysis of the process of European integration. This process offers a quasi-experimental environment that can enable a better understanding of the interactions between the construction of a new supranational polity and the complex European system of national and supranational elites. By analyzing the institutional transformation brought about by the Lisbon treaty, the attitudes of national elites toward the European form of government, and the impact of the recent crisis on the European institutions, the article tries to establish the role of elites in the development of a supranational polity, and to ascertain what influence institutional transformations have had on the formation of a genuinely European elite." (author's abstract

Five minutes with Maurizio Cotta: “Social justice must become a European priority”

On 25 November, a key package of labour market reforms supported by Italy’s Prime Minister Matteo Renzi passed through the lower house of the Italian parliament. In an interview on social welfare across Europe, Maurizio Cotta discusses the challenges of intergenerational inequalities in Italy, Renzi’s reforms, and why Europe needs to put social justice at the top of its policy agenda

Vulnerability, Resilience, and Responses: The European Elites System under a Prolonged Crisis

The article discusses the consequences for the European political system, and more specifically for its elites, of the great recession of the years after 2008. After having defined the concept of European Elites System (EES) and specified its main components, the article analyses the differential impact of the crisis upon the different elite components. Special attention is paid to the difference between those European elite groups (domestic elites and members of the European Council and of the Council of the European Union), which are directly or indirectly accountable to national electorates and the other elite groups (such as the components of the Commission and of the ECB) who are much more protected against popular protest and dissatisfaction. This has produced a different degree of vulnerability and instability across these groups, but also important differences in the responses they have given to the problems arising from the crisis. These consequences are then analysed from the point of view of the democratic quality of the Union

The Economic Crisis and its Effects on the Attitudes of Italian Political Elites Towards the EU

The Italian case is an interesting one for the study of the effects of the economic crisis on the attitudes of political elites. The crisis has been an important intervening factor in the process of domestic party system change. The responses to the challenges of EU-led austerity measures have been at the core of the discussion preceding the 2013 elections, whose results marked a turning point for the Italian political system, with protest votes peaking and new populist parties emerging. This article shows that, despite the domestic political turmoil, most of the markers of the traditional support of the Italian political elites for European integration are still unequivocal. These elites appear much more pro-European than the Italian public; even the representatives of the populist parties do not hold radical views that may reverse the past Italian history within the EU. At the same time, however, multivariate analyses of the determinants of elite attitudes show significant party variations. This brings us to speculate on some possible scenarios of gradual departure from the classic elite posture of acquiescence towards the EU

Three-dimensional BF Theories and the Alexander-Conway Invariant of Knots

We study 3-dimensional BF theories and define observables related to knots and links. The quantum expectation values of these observables give the coefficients of the Alexander-Conway polynomial.Comment: 32 pages (figures available upon request); LaTe

Topological BF Theories in 3 and 4 Dimensions

In this paper we discuss topological BF theories in 3 and 4 dimensions. Observables are associated to ordinary knots and links (in 3 dimensions) and to 2-knots (in 4 dimensions). The vacuum expectation values of such observables give a wide range of invariants. Here we consider mainly the 3-dimensional case, where these invariants include Alexander polynomials, HOMFLY polynomials and Kontsevich integrals.Comment: 25 pages, latex, no figures. Transmission problems have been solve

The Donaldson-Witten Invariants in Pure QCD with Order and Disorder 't Hooft-like Operators

We study the first-order formalism of pure four-dimensional ${\rm SU}(2)$ Yang--Mills theory with theta-term. We describe the Green functions associated to electric and magnetic flux operators \`a la 't~Hooft by means of gauge-invariant non-local operators. These Green functions are related to Witten's invariants of four-manifolds.Comment: 12 pages, LaTeX file, no macros used. Revised Versio

The BF Formalism for QCD and Quark Confinement

Using the BF version of pure Yang-Mills, it is possible to find a covariant representation of the 't Hooft magnetic flux operator. In this framework, 't Hooft's pioneering work on confinement finds an explicit realization in the continuum. Employing the Abelian projection gauge we compute the expectation value of the magnetic variable and find the expected perimeter law. We also check the area law behaviour for the Wilson loop average and compute the string tension which turns out to be of the right order of magnitude.Comment: Various changes, version to appear in Nucl.Phys.

Results from silicon photo-multiplier neutron irradiation test

Silicon photo-multipliers, often called "SiPM", are semiconductor photon detectors built from a square matrix of avalanche photo-diodes on common silicon substrate. SiPM have been proposed for several different applications in High Energy Physics, in particular where a large detection granularity is needed. In this presentation the results of a radiation hardness test performed at the Frascati Neutron Generator are presented. Several SiPM of different manufacturers have been irradiated integrating up to 7 1010 1-MeV-equivalent neutrons per cm2. For the first time, their performance have been recorded during the neutron irradiation and a gradual deterioration of their properties was found to happen already after an integrated dose of the order of 108 1-MeV-equivalent neutrons per cm2. The Frascati Neutron Generator (FNG) FNG uses a deuteron beam accelerated up to 300 keV impinging on a deuteron target to produce a nearly isotropic 2.5 MeV neutron output via the D(d,n)3He fusion reaction. The beam current at the target can be regulated up to 1 mA resulting in a maximum neutron production rate of 5 108 neutrons on the whole solid angle per second. Through the monitoring of the rate of associated emitted particles, protons or alpha, the neutron emission rate can be monitored on-line. This gives the unique possibility of measuring the effect of neutrons as long as the irradiation takes place. On-Line Measurements Six devices produced by the IRST and four produced by the Hamamatsu have been tested with neutrons. Depending on the distance from the production point, in four days of test, the SiPM integrated between 0.18 and 7.32 1-MeV-equivalent neutron per cm2. The current drawn by each device and its dark counting rate were continuously monitored and recorded while being irradiated. Fig. 1 shows that the current drawn by the SiPM starts to increase soon after the beginning of the irradiation. No differences between the current behavior of tested devices were found. The effects of the different neutron fluences are not visible at the level we operated. The neutron flux was kept off for a whole night while the currents were recorded. No significant recovery effects appeared. The absolute value of the current and the increasing rate, once the flux was back on, didn't change. The neutron beam has been paused several times in order to perform low voltage scans during the irradiation runs and to measure the effects on the dark currents and on the dark counting rates for different bias values. In the low voltage scans the current behavior changed rapidly with the integrated dose as it is shown in Fig.2. Off-Line Measurements The SiPM have been tested with cosmic rays before and after the neutron irradiation and the charge spectra obtained are shown in Fig 3. After the neutron irradiation, the gain was found to be about the half of the initial one (Fig.3 Bottom) and the noise pedestals (Fig. 3 Top) are much broader. The main effect is an important reduction of the detection efficiency from more than 95% to about 70%. Fig2: Measured currents as a function of the low voltage supply after different integrated doses Fig3: SiPM charge spectra with cosmic rays before (top) and after (bottom) the neutron irradiation. Fig1: Increasing factor of the current drawn by the SiPM as a function of the integrated neutron dose

Giovanni Sartori e la democrazia della Seconda Repubblica

Il saggio ripercorre e analizza criticamente tutti i passaggi istituzionali della cosiddetta Seconda Repubblica, ossia della peculiare democrazia maggioritaria che si imposta in Italia a partire dal 1994. Tali passaggi sono visti all'interno del pensiero di Giovanni Sartori e in particolare della sua teoria della democrazia. Tale pensiero si è manifestato sia attraverso opere scientifiche sia attraverso una continua attività pubblicistica, in particolare dalle colonne, come editorialista, del Corriere della Sera. Dall'esame di questo pensiero emerge una serrata e continua critica dei caratteri istituzionali della peculiare democrazia maggioritaria all'italiana.The essay traces and critically analyzes all the institutional steps of the so-called Italian Second Republic, that is the peculiar majoritarian democracy that is set in Italy since 1994. These steps are seen within the thoughts of Giovanni Sartori and in particular of his theory of democracy . Such thinking has manifested both through scientific works both through continuous publications, in particular from the columns, as a columnist, of the Corriere della Sera. From an examination of this thinking emerges a close and continuous criticism of the institutional character of the distinctive Italian style majoritarian democracy