Estudio cuantitativo del comportamiento frente a la corrosión de aceros inoxidables pulvimetalurgicos

Este proyecto de innovación docente pretende adaptarse al cambio metodológico que propone el Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior (EEES) que promueve la enseñanza virtual o no presencial, en la cual el alumno es el elemento más activo del proceso de aprendizaje, convirtiéndose el profesor en facilitador del aprendizaje. El objetivo principal planteado es rediseñar y adaptar el material docente empleado en la parte práctica de la asignatura Ciencia de los Materiales de las titulaciones de I.T. Industrial e I.T.de Minas impartida en la EPS de Linares. Para ello se han utilizado las nuevas tecnologías y herramientas pedagógicas para elaborar un material didáctico capaz de mostrar contenidos tanto teóricos como prácticos, mediante la inclusión de un video digital, de los distintos ensayos de las propiedades mecánicas de los materiales que deben realizar en cada sesión en el laboratorio. Este material pretende eliminar en lo posible la desmotivación del alumno, al ser un complemento eficiente y de apoyo para un mayor seguimiento y compresión de la actividad práctica

Retention of Pollutants Elements from Mine Tailings of Lead in Geopolymers for Construction

[EN] The construction sector is one of the most demanding sectors of raw materials in existence today. As a consequence, the extraction of these materials has a significant impact on the environment. At the same time, mining activities produce a series of wastes, in some cases with polluting elements, which must be treated to avoid pollution. Therefore, the use of mining waste for the conformation of new construction materials is an important environmental advantage, even more so when such waste is prevented from producing polluting leachates. Therefore, in this research, geopolymers are developed with mine tailings from the Linares lead mines, chemically activated with potassium hydroxide. For this purpose, different percentages of the alkaline activator were tested and the physical and mechanical properties of the conformed materials were evaluated. The analysis of the different conformed geopolymers determined the optimum percentage of potassium hydroxide for conforming the geopolymer with the best mechanical and physical properties. In addition, the concentration in the leachate of potentially contaminating chemical elements in the mining waste was estimated to be lower than those regulated by the regulations. Consequently, this research shows the development of a sustainable material for construction with mining waste and reduction of the environmental impact of traditional products.S

Treatment of Soil Contaminated by Mining Activities to Prevent Contamination by Encapsulation in Ceramic Construction Materials

[EN] Mining is an essential activity for obtaining materials necessary for the well-being and development of society. However, this activity produces important environmental impacts that must be controlled. More specifically, there are different soils near new or abandoned mining productions that have been contaminated with potentially toxic elements, and currently represent an important environmental problem. In this research, a contaminated soil from the mining district of Linares was studied for its use as a raw material for the conforming of ceramic materials, bricks, dedicated to construction. Firstly, the contaminated soil was chemically and physically characterized in order to evaluate its suitability. Subsequently, different families of samples were conformed with different percentages of clay and contaminated soil. Finally, the conformed ceramics were physically and mechanically characterized to examine the variation produced in the ceramic material by the incorporation of the contaminated soil. In addition, in this research, leachate tests were performed according to the TCLP method determining whether encapsulation of potentially toxic elements in the soil occurs. The results showed that all families of ceramic materials have acceptable physical properties, with a soil percentage of less than 80% being acceptable to obtain adequate mechanical properties and a maximum of 70% of contaminated soil to obtain acceptable leachate according to EPA regulations. Therefore, the maximum percentage of contaminated soil that can be incorporated into the ceramic material is 70% in order to comply with all standards. Consequently, this research not only avoids the contamination that contaminated soil can produce, but also valorizes this element as a raw material for new materials, avoiding the extraction of clay and reducing the environmental impact.S

Reutilisation of Water Contaminated by Mining Waste for the Encapsulation of Potentially Toxic Elements

[EN] Mining activities are essential for a population’s development; however, they also produce negative effects such as the production of waste, an impact on flora and water pollution. On the other hand, construction is one of the sectors which is most demanding of raw materials, with one of the main such materials being water. For this reason, this research evaluates the feasibility of incorporating water contaminated by mining waste into ceramic materials for bricks. In this way, the use of water is reduced and, on the other hand, the contaminating elements of the mining water are encapsulated in the ceramic matrix. To achieve this, the clay used and the contaminated water were first analysed, then different families of samples were conformed with different percentages of contaminated water. These samples were tested to determine their physical and mechanical properties. At the same time, leachate tests were carried out to determine that the ceramic material created did not cause environmental problems. The test results showed that the physical and mechanical properties of the ceramics were not influenced by the addition of contaminated water. On the other hand, the leachate tests showed that encapsulation of most of the potentially toxic elements occurred. However, the use of contaminated water as mixing water for ceramics could only be performed up to 60%, as higher percentages would leach impermissible arsenic concentrations. Accordingly, a new way of reusing water contaminated by mining activities is developed in this study, taking advantage of resources, avoiding environmental pollution and creating economic and environmentally friendly end products

Study of the utilization of mining residues from the Linares district for stabilization and repair of rural roads

Los caminos rurales desempeñan un papel vital en el acceso a tierras de cultivo, pastos, fuentes de agua y otras instalaciones rurales. Son utilizados por agricultores, ganaderos, comunidades locales y otros residentes rurales para el transporte de mercancías, la movilidad personal y la conexión con los centros urbanos. Los caminos rurales son componentes esenciales de la infraestructura en áreas no urbanizadas. Mejorar su estado y conectividad puede tener un impacto positivo en la vida de las personas que viven y trabajan en estas zonas, así como en la economía local en general. En línea con el desarrollo sostenible, el sector vial ha iniciado el uso de distintos tipos de residuos en la construcción de distinto tipo de vías, para preservar los recursos naturales, que se han utilizado comúnmente en la construcción convencional. En ese sentido, este Trabajo Fin de Máster se indican las ventajas de incorporar estériles de lavadero de la minería metálica de plomo y ceniza de biomasa en la estabilización y arreglo a base de geopolímeros en caminos rurales. Los estériles de lavadero y las cenizas de biomasa se han caracterizado física, química y mineralógicamente, para determinar si pueden ser utilizados para la estabilización de geopolímeros propuesto sería una alternativa competitiva a la estabilización de suelos inestables. Se realizaron pruebas de límites de Atterberg, compactación Proctor modificada, resistencia a la compresión no confinada y índice CBR al suelo estabilizado con geopolímeros que forma parte de la combinación de estériles de lavadero y cenizas de biomasa. Los resultados del estudio experimental revelaron que un aumento en el nivel de sustitución de estériles y ceniza de biomasa producen un aumento del índice CBR hasta valores de 32,3 y de la compresión no confinada de 0,51 MPa, sin que se produzca hinchamiento libre y con un pH de 11,4. El índice de plasticidad del suelo ha pasado de 37,1 a 13,4. La resistencia a la compresión de los geopolímeros fabricados con un porcentaje del 70 de estériles de lavadero y un 30 porciento de cenizas de biomasa se han obtenido valores del 23,98 MPa. Con los resultados obtenido en este Trabajo Fin de Máster indican que el método de estabilización de geopolímeros propuesto sería una alternativa competitiva a la estabilización de suelos inestables para la construcción de bases de caminos rurales.Rural roads play a vital role in providing access to farmlands, pastures, water sources, and other rural facilities. They are utilized by farmers, livestock keepers, local communities, and other rural residents for transporting goods, personal mobility, and connecting with urban centers. Rural roads are essential components of infrastructure in non-urban areas. Enhancing their condition and connectivity can have a positive impact on the lives of people living and working in these areas, as well as on the local economy in general. In alignment with sustainable development principles, the road sector has started to incorporate various types of waste materials into the construction of different road types to conserve natural resources typically used in conventional construction. In this Master's Thesis, the advantages of incorporating lead metal mining washery tailings and biomass ash in geopolymer-based stabilization and repair of rural roads are discussed. The physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics of mining washery tailings and biomass ash have been analyzed to determine their suitability for geopolymer stabilization, which is proposed as a competitive alternative to stabilizing unstable soils. Tests were conducted, including Atterberg limits, modified Proctor compaction, unconfined compressive strength, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) on soil stabilized with geopolymer containing a combination of mining washery tailings and biomass ash. The experimental study results revealed that an increase in the substitution level of tailings and biomass ash led to an increase in the CBR index to values of 32.3 and unconfined compressive strength of 0.51 MPa, without causing excessive swelling and with a pH of 11.4. The soil's plasticity index decreased from 37.1 to 13.4. The compressive strength of geopolymers manufactured with 70% mining washery tailings and 30% biomass ash reached values of 23.98 MPa. The findings from this Master's Thesis suggest that the proposed geopolymer stabilization method could be a competitive alternative for stabilizing unstable soils in the construction of rural road bases.Máster en Ingeniería de Mina

Retention of Contaminants Elements from Tailings from Lead Mine Washing Plants in Ceramics for Bricks

Mining activity is essential for the social welfare of the population. However, this activity produces a series of mining waste. These mining wastes, if not properly treated, can produce significant environmental pollution. This study develops the incorporation of tailings from washing plants in ceramic materials for bricks in order to retain the contaminating elements in the ceramic matrix. To this end, firstly, a physical and chemical characterisation of the mining waste is carried out and different groups of samples are conformed with clay and mining waste. These conformed samples with mining waste are evaluated through different physical and mechanical tests typical in the ceramic industry, studying the variation of properties by the incorporation of the waste. In turn, the leachates from the groups of conformed samples are analyzed, confirming the retention of the contaminating elements of the mining waste in the ceramic matrix. The results of these tests showed that ceramics can be made for bricks with up to 90% mining waste, obtaining physical and mechanical properties acceptable regarding the regulations and retaining the contaminating elements in the ceramic matrix, as confirmed by the leachate tests

Development of Geopolymers as Substitutes for Traditional Ceramics for Bricks with Chamotte and Biomass Bottom Ash

The greater environmental awareness, new environmental regulations and the optimization of resources make possible the development of sustainable materials as substitutes for the traditional materials used in construction. In this work, geopolymers were developed as substitutes to traditional ceramics for brick manufacture, using as raw materials: chamotte, as a source of aluminosilicate, and biomass bottom ashes from the combustion of almond shell and alpeorujo (by-product produced in the extraction of olive oil composed of solid parts of the olive and vegetable fats), as the alkaline activator. For the feasibility study, samples were made of all possible combinations of both residues from 100% chamotte to 100% biomass bottom ash. The tests carried out on these sample families were the usual physical tests for ceramic materials, notably the compression strength test, as well as colorimetric tests. The freezing test was also carried out to study the in-service behavior of the different sample groups. The families with acceptable results were subjected to Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The results of the previous tests showed that the geopolymer was indeed created for the final families and that acceptable mechanical and aging properties were obtained according to European standards. Therefore, the possibility of creating geopolymers with chamotte and biomass bottom ashes as substitutes for conventional ceramics was confirmed, developing an economical, sustainable material, without major changes in equipment and of similar quality to those traditionally used for bricks

Development of High Resistance Hot Mix Asphalt with Electric Arc Furnace Slag, Ladle Furnace Slag, and Cellulose Fibers from the Papermaking Industry

Roads are currently essential links of communication and economic development. However, these roads are progressively requiring higher quality materials, implying a greater impact on the environment, in order to withstand the high levels of heavy vehicle traffic. Therefore, this research proposes the use of industrial by-products to create bituminous mixtures which are more resistant and durable than traditional ones. The industrial by-products used, are electric arc furnace slag, ladle furnace slag, and cellulose fibers from the papermaking industry. These by-products were physically and chemically characterized to be used to conform with bituminous mixtures. At the same time, bituminous mixtures were conformed with conventional materials, thus being able to compare the physical and mechanical properties of the conformed mixtures through different tests. The results showed how the use of cellulose fibers made it possible to absorb a greater percentage of bitumen, as well as the use of electric arc furnace slag and ladle furnace slag created mixtures, with greater Marshall stability. Therefore, sustainable, durable, resistant, and high waste mixtures were developed in this investigation

Study of the Incorporation of Ladle Furnace Slag in the Manufacture of Cold In-Place Recycling with Bitumen Emulsion

Cold in-place recycling with bitumen emulsion is a good environmental option for road conservation. The technique produces lower CO2 emissions because the product is manufactured and spread in the same location as the previous infrastructure, and its mixing with bitumen emulsion occurs at room temperature. Adding materials with cementitious characteristics gives the final mixture greater resistance and durability, and incorporating an industrial by-product such as ladle furnace slag (of which cementitious characteristics have been corroborated by various authors) enables the creation of sustainable, resistant pavement. This paper describes the incorporation of ladle furnace slag in reclaimed asphalt pavements (RAP) to execute in-place asphalt pavement recycling with bitumen emulsion. Various test groups of samples with increasing percentages of emulsion were created to study both the density of the mixtures obtained, and their dry and post-immersion compressive strength. To determine these characteristics, the physical and chemical properties of the ladle furnace slag and the reclaimed asphalt pavements were analyzed, as well as compatibility with the bitumen emulsion. The aforementioned tests define an optimal combination of RAP (90%), ladle furnace slag (10%), water (2.6%), and emulsion (3.3%), which demonstrated maximum values for compressive strength of the dry and post-immersion bituminous mixture. These tests therefore demonstrate the suitability of ladle furnace slag for cold in-place recycling with bitumen emulsion

Study of the Incorporation of Biomass Bottom Ashes in Ceramic Materials for the Manufacture of Bricks and Evaluation of Their Leachates

Scarcity of raw materials, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and reduction of waste disposal in landfills are leading to the development of more sustainable building materials. Based on these lines, this work studies the incorporation of biomass bottom ashes into ceramic materials for brick manufacture, in order to reuse this currently unused waste and reduce clay extraction operations. To this end, different groups of samples were made with different combinations of clay and biomass bottom ashes, from 100% clay to 100% biomass bottom ashes. These samples were shaped, sintered and subjected to the usual physical tests in ceramics. In turn, the mechanical resistance, color and leaching of the contaminating elements present were studied. The physical and mechanical tests showed that the results of all the families were adequate, achieving compressive strengths of over 20 MPa and leaching of the contaminating elements acceptable by the regulations. Therefore, a sustainable range of ceramics was developed, with specific properties (porosity, density, resistance and color), with a waste that is currently unused and sustainable with the environment