Effect of Mouth Rinsing and Ingestion of Carbohydrate Solutions on Mood and Perceptual Responses During Exercise

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate whether mouth rinsing or ingesting carbohydrate (CHO) solutions impact on perceptual responses during exercise. Methods: Nine moderately trained male cyclists underwent a 90-min glycogen-reducing exercise, and consumed a low CHO meal, prior to completing an overnight fast. A 1-h cycle time trial was performed the following morning. Four trials, each separated by 7days, were conducted in a randomized, counterbalanced study design: 15% CHO mouth rinse (CHOR), 7.5% CHO ingestion (CHOI), placebo mouth rinse (PLAR) and placebo ingestion (PLAI). Solution volumes (1.5ml·g-1 ingestion trials and 0.33ml·kg-1 rinsing trials) were provided after every 12.5% of completed exercise. Perceptual scales were used to assess affective valence (feeling scale, FS), arousal (felt arousal scale, FAS), exertion (ratings of perceived exertion, RPE) and mood (profile of mood states, POMS) before, during and immediately after exercise. Results: There was no difference in RPE (CHOI, 14.0±9; CHOR, 14.2±.7; PLAI, 14.6±1.8; PLAR, 14.6±2.0; P=0.35), FS (CHOI, 0.0±1.7; CHOR, -0.2±1.5; PLAI, -0.8±1.4; PLAR, -0.8±1.6; P0.15), or FAS (CHOI, 3.6±1.1; CHOR, 3.5±1.0; PLAI, 3.4±1.4; PLAR, 3.3±1.3; P=725) scores between trials. While overall POMS score did not appear to differ between trials, the 'vigour' subscale indicated that CHOI may facilitate the maintenance of 'vigour' scores over time, in comparison to the steady decline witnessed in other trials (P=0.04). There was no difference in time trial performance between trials (CHOI, 65.3±4.8min; CHOR, 68.4±3.9min; PLAI, 68.7±5.3min; PLAR, 68.3±5.2min; P=0.21) but power output was higher in CHOI (231.0±33.2 W) relative to other trials (221-223.6 W; Plt0.01). Conclusions: In a CHO-reduced state, mouth rinsing with a CHO solution did not impact on perceptual responses during high-intensity exercise in trained cyclists and triathletes. On the other hand CHO ingestion improved perceived ratings of vigour and increased power output during exercise

Guiding principles for rewilding

There has been much recent interest in the concept of rewilding as a tool for nature conservation, but also confusion over the idea, which has limited its utility. We developed a unifying definition and 10 guiding principles for rewilding through a survey of 59 rewilding experts, a summary of key organizations’ rewilding visions, and workshops involving over 100 participants from around the world. The guiding principles convey that rewilding exits on a continuum of scale, connectivity, and level of human influence and aims to restore ecosystem structure and functions to achieve a self-sustaining autonomous nature. These principles clarify the concept of rewilding and improve its effectiveness as a tool to achieve global conservation targets, including those of the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration and post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. Finally, we suggest differences in rewilding perspectives lie largely in the extent to which it is seen as achievable and in specific interventions. An understanding of the context of rewilding projects is the key to success, and careful site-specific interpretations will help achieve the aims of rewilding

Ecosystem service trade-offs in wetland management: drainage and rehabilitation of the Hula, Israel

The Hula wetland, a freshwater lake surrounded by swamps in the watershed basin of the Sea of Galilee, was drained in the 1950s for arable land and to reduce evaporation, thereby increasing the usable water available. A nature reserve was then designated, but this did not prevent species extinction. Later, severe environmental problems developed in the area; therefore, a rehabilitation project was implemented. The Hula wetland provides a good example of changes in ecosystem services under different management regimes and is, therefore, an appropriate setting for analysing trade-offs between different ecosystem services. Before drainage, the wetland provided a variety of ecosystem services. Following drainage, agricultural production services were dominant, but they declined over time. An analysis of the impact of drainage and rehabilitation on the Hula wetland is presented, and ecosystem service trade-offs that occurred over the past 80 years are evaluated

Ecosystem service trade-offs in wetland management: drainage and rehabilitation of the Hula, Israel

The Hula wetland, a freshwater lake surrounded by swamps in the watershed basin of the Sea of Galilee, was drained in the 1950s for arable land and to reduce evaporation, thereby increasing the usable water available. A nature reserve was then designated, but this did not prevent species extinction. Later, severe environmental problems developed in the area; therefore, a rehabilitation project was implemented. The Hula wetland provides a good example of changes in ecosystem services under different management regimes and is, therefore, an appropriate setting for analysing trade-offs between different ecosystem services. Before drainage, the wetland provided a variety of ecosystem services. Following drainage, agricultural production services were dominant, but they declined over time. An analysis of the impact of drainage and rehabilitation on the Hula wetland is presented, and ecosystem service trade-offs that occurred over the past 80 years are evaluated

Using the ecosystem services concept to analyse stakeholder involvement in wetland management

Wetland management usually involves multiple stakeholders. This paper describes how the use of the ecosystem services (ES) concept can help to identify the main stakeholders associated with wetland conservation, using the Hula Wetland in the Sea of Galilee’s watershed as a case study. We conducted a stakeholder analysis based on semi-structured interviews. We focused on the management of two semi-natural areas within the larger Hula Wetland area (Hula Nature Reserve and Agamon), in which different management regimes are used and which provide different bundles of ES to different stakeholders. Using the ES concept in the stakeholder analysis, we were able to present the Hula Wetland management in a comprehensive manner. The approach also revealed a lack of coordination between the managing organisations which might lead to competition favouring cultural services (in particular tourism) at the expense of habitat services (i.e. biodiversity conservation) in the future. To test our method we also conducted a stakeholder analysis in the Camargue Wetland in France. The two wetlands have similar characteristics but are embedded in different institutional contexts. The Camargue Regional Park has a multi-stakeholder platform which could serve as an example for the Hula Wetland to improve its management and lead to better coordination and complementarity of ES provided by the two sub-sites. Our study showed that applying the ES concept helps to quickly identify relevant stakeholders and analyse wetland management in a more holistic way and to point towards sustainable solutions for conflicting stakeholder interests

Current and future carbon stocks in coastal wetlands within the Great Barrier Reef catchments

Australia’s Great Barrier Reef (GBR) catchments include some of the world’s most intact coastal wetlands comprising diverse mangrove, seagrass and tidal marsh ecosystems. Although these ecosystems are highly efficient at storing carbon in marine sediments, their soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and the potential changes resulting from climate impacts including sea level rise are not well understood. For the first time, we estimated SOC stocks and their drivers within the range of coastal wetlands of GBR catchments using boosted regression trees (i.e., a machine learning approach and ensemble method for modelling the relationship between response and explanatory variables) and identified the potential changes in future stocks due to sea level rise. We found levels of SOC stocks of mangrove and seagrass meadows have different drivers, with climatic variables such as temperature, rainfall, and solar radiation, showing significant contributions in accounting for variation in SOC stocks in mangroves. In contrast, soil type accounted for most of the variability in seagrass meadows. Total SOC stocks in the GBR catchments, including mangroves, seagrass meadows and tidal marshes, is approximately 137 Tg C. Total stocks in the GBR catchments, including mangroves, seagrass meadows and tidal marshes, is approximately 137 Tg C. The SOC stored within coastal wetlands in the GBR catchments represent 9-13% of Australia’s total SOC stocks while encompassing only 4-6% of the total extent of Australian coastal wetlands. In a global context, this could represent 0.5-1.4% of global SOC stocks. Our study suggests that landward migration due to projected sea level rise has the potential to enhance SOC stocks with total carbon gains between 0.16-0.46 Tg C and provides an opportunity for future restoration to enhance blue carbon gains

P-106 Evaluating sex as a predictive marker for response to bevacizuamb in metastatic colorectal carcinoma: Pooled analysis of 3,369 patients in the ARCAD database

Background Previous studies suggest a possible sex-specific response to bevacizumab in metastatic colorectal carcinoma, showing a benefit in males, while the effect in females is less significant. Therefore, we evaluated response to bevacizumab according to sex. Methods Data from 3369 metastatic colorectal carcinoma patients enrolled on four first-line randomized trials testing chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab (2000-2007) were pooled. Association between sex and progression-free survival and overall survival was evaluated by stratified Cox regression model, adjusted for potential confounders. Predictive value was evaluated by interaction effect between sex and treatment. In a pre-planned secondary analysis, analyses were stratified using an age cut-point of 60 years to evaluate the possible role of menopausal-related effects. Results Median overall survival was not statistically different between males and females in the entire study population (18.8 vs. 17.6 months, respectively; adjusted hazard ratio=0.92, 95% CI=0.84-1.02, p=0.11). Bevacizumab was associated with an improved median overall survival in males and females, with a 2.3- and 0.6-months benefit, respectively, as well as an improved progression-free survival (2.0 and 1.9-months benefit, respectively). Stratified by age, bevacizumab resulted in improved progression-free survival and overall survival in males at both age categories. In females at or above the age of 60 (n=731), bevacizumab resulted in improved progression-free survival and overall survival. However, in females below the age of 60 (n=634), overall survival benefit did not reach statistical significance (adjusted hazard ratio=0.94, 95% CI 0.74-1.20). Conclusions Our results confirmed the median overall survival benefit from addition of bevacizumab to first-line chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal carcinoma in both sexes. Among females, the benefit was less than 1 month. For females under the age of 60, there was no overall survival benefit